犹太复国主义和巴勒斯坦民族主义：硬币的两面？

最近的讨论和辩论声称犹太复国主义和巴勒斯坦民族主义是硬币的两个方面，这两个运动之间有很多共同点。

Both Zionism and Palestinian nationalism are national movements that seek self-determination for their people. While at face value this argument seems to have merit, the two movements couldn’t be more different.

犹太复国主义和巴勒斯坦民族主义都是寻求人民自决的民族运动。虽然从表面上看，这个论点似乎有其道理，但这两个运动却截然不同。

Modern political Zionism started in the early 1800s and came into its own in the late 1800s as Theodor Herzl, a journalist and activist, began earnest efforts to achieve the goal of Zionism — the establishment of a modern state of Israel in the land of Israel. Herzl traveled the world trying to gain support from Jewish and non-Jewish leaders for the establishment of a Jewish state. He was primarily driven by rising antisemitism in Europe and knew that the Jews needed a state with open doors that could provide refuge for Jewish escapees or evictees. Herzl also knew that only a Jewish state could be relied upon to provide that refuge for the 10 million Jews that would need it.

现代政治犹太复国主义始于 1800 年代初，并于 1800 年代末盛行，当时记者兼活动家西奥多·赫茨尔 (Theodor Herzl) 开始认真努力实现犹太复国主义的目标——在以色列土地上建立现代以色列国。赫茨尔周游世界，试图获得犹太和非犹太领导人对建立犹太国家的支持。他主要受到欧洲日益高涨的反犹太主义的推动，并知道犹太人需要一个敞开大门的国家，为犹太逃亡者或被驱逐者提供庇护。赫茨尔还知道，只有一个犹太国家才能为 1000 万需要庇护的犹太人提供庇护。

Zionism, however, didn’t just grow out of a need for refuge from antisemitic persecution.

然而，犹太复国主义的产生并不仅仅是出于躲避反犹太主义迫害的需要。

The Zionist movement maintained that the Jewish people have a religious, historic, legal and moral right to settle and govern the land of Israel, the historic homeland of the Jewish people, as their own state. As the movement gained strength, support and popularity in the early 1900s, hundreds of thousands of Jews streamed into British-mandatory Palestine to begin establishing the infrastructure of a new state. The United Nations voted in 1947 to establish a Jewish state in the land of Israel; in 1948, the Jewish people declared their independence in their own state of Israel.

犹太复国主义运动认为，犹太人民拥有宗教、历史、法律和道德权利，可以在以色列这片犹太人民的历史家园上定居和治理，作为自己的国家。随着该运动在 1900 年代初获得力量、支持和普及，数十万犹太人涌入英国托管的巴勒斯坦，开始建立新国家的基础设施。 1947年，联合国投票决定在以色列土地上建立一个犹太国家； 1948年，犹太人民在自己的以色列国宣布独立。

The Palestinian national movement doesn’t share the same rich history of ideology and activism as Zionism. Palestinians never governed the land they claim to be their homeland.

巴勒斯坦民族运动不像犹太复国主义那样拥有丰富的意识形态和行动主义历史。巴勒斯坦人从未统治过他们声称是自己家园的土地。

They aren’t indigenous to the land. They can’t point to a wellspring of advocacy or leaders who have led a Palestinian nationalist movement that predates Zionism.

他们不是这片土地上的土著。他们无法指出早在犹太复国主义之前就领导巴勒斯坦民族主义运动的倡导者或领导人的源泉。

There are two people sometimes attributed with founding Palestinian nationalism. The first was the mufti of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini, who was well known for partnering with Hitler during the Holocaust and who was a supporter of the Arab Kingdom of Syria’s rule over Palestine. He only began advocating for Palestinian nationalism as a response to Zionism.

有两个人有时被认为是巴勒斯坦民族主义的创始人。第一个是耶路撒冷的穆夫提阿明·侯赛尼，他因在大屠杀期间与希特勒合作而闻名，也是阿拉伯叙利亚王国统治巴勒斯坦的支持者。他只是开始倡导巴勒斯坦民族主义作为对犹太复国主义的回应。

The second “founder” was PLO leader Yasser Arafat who was well known for his terrorism and was, himself, an Egyptian.

第二个“创始人”是巴解组织领导人亚西尔·阿拉法特，他因恐怖主义而闻名，他本人是埃及人。

The Palestinian national movement doesn’t share any of the steps or successes of Zionism. Today, there is no Palestinian state due to the choice by Palestinians of violence over compromise. Success and failure, the establishment of a state and the struggle to found one are only the tips of the iceberg among the many differences between Zionism and Palestinian nationalism.

巴勒斯坦民族运动不分享犹太复国主义的任何步骤或成功。今天，巴勒斯坦国家不复存在，是因为巴勒斯坦人选择了暴力而不是妥协。成功与失败、建国与建立国家的斗争只是犹太复国主义与巴勒斯坦民族主义之间众多差异中的冰山一角。

Modern political Zionism is unique in that its values are ancient. The axiom that the Jewish people deserve to live in and govern the land of Israel comes from the Jewish people’s 4,000-year connection to the land. For the last 3,000 years, there has been a continuous Jewish presence in the land of Israel.

现代政治犹太复国主义的独特之处在于它的价值观是古老的。犹太人民应该在以色列这片土地上生活并治理这句公理，源自犹太人民与这片土地长达四千年的渊源。过去 3000 年来，犹太人在以色列土地上持续存在。

This is in contrast to the Palestinians whose ancestors, the Arab people, arrived in the land of Israel, then renamed by the Romans as Palestine, 1,300 years ago. The largest influx of Arabs into the land of Israel actually occurred after Jewish Zionists began their return to the land in the late 1800s. Zionist investment and infrastructure improvements encouraged poor Arabs from surrounding lands to immigrate to Palestine. So, while Zionism is the modern fight for an ancient longing, Palestinian nationalism only began recently and arguably only as a response to Zionism.

这与巴勒斯坦人形成鲜明对比，巴勒斯坦人的祖先阿拉伯人于 1,300 年前抵达以色列土地，后来被罗马人更名为巴勒斯坦。实际上，最大规模的阿拉伯人涌入以色列土地是在犹太复国主义者于 1800 年代末开始返回以色列土地之后。犹太复国主义投资和基础设施改善鼓励周边地区的贫穷阿拉伯人移民到巴勒斯坦。因此，虽然犹太复国主义是对古老渴望的现代斗争，但巴勒斯坦民族主义最近才开始，可以说只是对犹太复国主义的回应。

Another significant difference between the two is that Zionism’s foundation is based on democratic values, peace and sharing the land with others. Juxtapose Zionist values with the values of the Palestinian nationalist movement, which is based on exclusivity to the land and the elimination of Israel as a Jewish state, and the contrast is obvious. Even when Palestinians have spoken of agreeing to an Israeli state, they don’t acknowledge it as a Jewish state, arousing suspicion that their true intention isn’t to allow for a Zionist and Jewish state, but a democratic state they can win over through demographically challenging the Jewish nature of the state of Israel.

两者之间的另一个显着区别是犹太复国主义的基础是民主价值观、和平和与他人分享土地。将犹太复国主义价值观与巴勒斯坦民族主义运动的价值观放在一起，后者的基础是对土地的排他性和消除以色列作为犹太国家的地位，对比是显而易见的。即使巴勒斯坦人谈到同意建立以色列国家，他们也不承认它是一个犹太国家，这让人怀疑他们的真正意图不是允许建立一个犹太复国主义和犹太国家，而是一个他们可以通过其赢得的民主国家。在人口上挑战以色列国的犹太性质。

Zionism began as a peaceful movement that reached out to its opponents and enemies. Israel’s declaration of independence calls for peace with Arabs inside and outside of Israel’s borders. Palestinian nationalism has proven to be an intolerant movement set on a violent culture. While calling Zionists peaceful and Palestinians violent is a gross generalization, there are outliers on both sides.

犹太复国主义最初是一场和平运动，向反对者和敌人伸出援手。以色列宣布独立呼吁与以色列境内外的阿拉伯人实现和平。事实证明，巴勒斯坦民族主义是一场以暴力文化为基础的不宽容运动。虽然称犹太复国主义者和平而巴勒斯坦人暴力是一种粗暴的概括，但双方都有异常情况。

Palestinian nationalism didn’t have to be inherently anti-Jewish and anti-Israel. It can stand for the self-determination of its people on its own land without expressing hate for the Jewish people. Zionism did exactly that, expressing its hope for a Jewish state on the Jewish people’

巴勒斯坦民族主义不一定本质上是反犹太人和反以色列的。它可以代表其人民在自己的土地上进行自决，而不表达对犹太人民的仇恨。犹太复国主义正是这样做的，表达了对犹太人民建立犹太国家的希望。