猶太復國主義與巴勒斯坦民族主義：硬幣的兩面？

最近的討論和辯論聲稱猶太復國主義和巴勒斯坦民族主義是硬幣的兩個方面，這兩個運動之間有很多共同點。

Both Zionism and Palestinian nationalism are national movements that seek self-determination for their people. While at face value this argument seems to have merit, the two movements couldn’t be more different.

猶太復國主義和巴勒斯坦民族主義都是尋求人民自決的民族運動。雖然從表面上看，這個論點似乎有其道理，但這兩個運動卻截然不同。

Modern political Zionism started in the early 1800s and came into its own in the late 1800s as Theodor Herzl, a journalist and activist, began earnest efforts to achieve the goal of Zionism — the establishment of a modern state of Israel in the land of Israel. Herzl traveled the world trying to gain support from Jewish and non-Jewish leaders for the establishment of a Jewish state. He was primarily driven by rising antisemitism in Europe and knew that the Jews needed a state with open doors that could provide refuge for Jewish escapees or evictees. Herzl also knew that only a Jewish state could be relied upon to provide that refuge for the 10 million Jews that would need it.

現代政治猶太復國主義始於1800 年代初，並於1800 年代末盛行，當時記者兼活動家西奧多·赫茨爾(Theodor Herzl) 開始認真努力實現猶太復國主義的目標——在以色列土地上建立現代以色列國。赫茲爾週遊世界，試圖獲得猶太和非猶太領導人對建立猶太國家的支持。他主要受到歐洲日益高漲的反猶太主義的推動，並知道猶太人需要一個敞開大門的國家，為猶太逃亡者或被驅逐者提供庇護。赫茲爾也知道，只有一個猶太國家才能為 1000 萬需要庇護的猶太人提供庇護。

Zionism, however, didn’t just grow out of a need for refuge from antisemitic persecution.

然而，猶太復國主義的產生並非僅僅是出於躲避反猶太主義迫害的需要。

The Zionist movement maintained that the Jewish people have a religious, historic, legal and moral right to settle and govern the land of Israel, the historic homeland of the Jewish people, as their own state. As the movement gained strength, support and popularity in the early 1900s, hundreds of thousands of Jews streamed into British-mandatory Palestine to begin establishing the infrastructure of a new state. The United Nations voted in 1947 to establish a Jewish state in the land of Israel; in 1948, the Jewish people declared their independence in their own state of Israel.

猶太復國主義運動認為，猶太人民擁有宗教、歷史、法律和道德權利，可以在以色列這片猶太人民的歷史家園中定居和治理，作為自己的國家。隨著該運動在 1900 年代初獲得力量、支持和普及，數十萬猶太人湧入英國託管的巴勒斯坦，開始建立新國家的基礎設施。 1947年，聯合國投票決定在以色列土地上建立一個猶太國家； 1948年，猶太人民在自己的以色列國宣布獨立。

The Palestinian national movement doesn’t share the same rich history of ideology and activism as Zionism. Palestinians never governed the land they claim to be their homeland.

巴勒斯坦民族運動不像猶太復國主義有豐富的意識形態和行動主義歷史。巴勒斯坦人從未統治過他們聲稱是自己家園的土地。

They aren’t indigenous to the land. They can’t point to a wellspring of advocacy or leaders who have led a Palestinian nationalist movement that predates Zionism.

他們不是這片土地上的土著。他們無法指出早在猶太復國主義之前就領導巴勒斯坦民族主義運動的倡導者或領導人的來源。

There are two people sometimes attributed with founding Palestinian nationalism. The first was the mufti of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini, who was well known for partnering with Hitler during the Holocaust and who was a supporter of the Arab Kingdom of Syria’s rule over Palestine. He only began advocating for Palestinian nationalism as a response to Zionism.

有兩個人有時被認為是巴勒斯坦民族主義的創始人。第一個是耶路撒冷的穆夫提阿明·侯賽尼，他因在大屠殺期間與希特勒合作而聞名，也是阿拉伯敘利亞王國統治巴勒斯坦的支持者。他只是開始倡導巴勒斯坦民族主義作為對猶太復國主義的回應。

The second “founder” was PLO leader Yasser Arafat who was well known for his terrorism and was, himself, an Egyptian.

第二個「創始人」是巴解組織領導人亞西爾·阿拉法特，他因恐怖主義而聞名，他本人是埃及人。

The Palestinian national movement doesn’t share any of the steps or successes of Zionism. Today, there is no Palestinian state due to the choice by Palestinians of violence over compromise. Success and failure, the establishment of a state and the struggle to found one are only the tips of the iceberg among the many differences between Zionism and Palestinian nationalism.

巴勒斯坦民族運動不分享猶太復國主義的任何步驟或成功。今天，巴勒斯坦國家不復存在，是因為巴勒斯坦人選擇了暴力而不是妥協。成功與失敗、建國與建立國家的鬥爭只是猶太復國主義與巴勒斯坦民族主義之間眾多差異中的冰山一角。

Modern political Zionism is unique in that its values are ancient. The axiom that the Jewish people deserve to live in and govern the land of Israel comes from the Jewish people’s 4,000-year connection to the land. For the last 3,000 years, there has been a continuous Jewish presence in the land of Israel.

現代政治猶太復國主義的獨特之處在於它的價值觀是古老的。猶太人民應該在以色列這片土地上生活並治理這句公理，源自猶太人民與這片土地長達四千年的淵源。過去 3000 年來，猶太人在以色列土地上持續存在。

This is in contrast to the Palestinians whose ancestors, the Arab people, arrived in the land of Israel, then renamed by the Romans as Palestine, 1,300 years ago. The largest influx of Arabs into the land of Israel actually occurred after Jewish Zionists began their return to the land in the late 1800s. Zionist investment and infrastructure improvements encouraged poor Arabs from surrounding lands to immigrate to Palestine. So, while Zionism is the modern fight for an ancient longing, Palestinian nationalism only began recently and arguably only as a response to Zionism.

這與巴勒斯坦人形成鮮明對比，巴勒斯坦人的祖先阿拉伯人在 1,300 年前抵達以色列土地，後來被羅馬人更名為巴勒斯坦。阿拉伯人最大規模的湧入以色列土地實際上是在 1800 年代末猶太復國主義者開始返回以色列土地之後發生的。猶太復國主義投資和基礎設施改善鼓勵週邊地區的貧窮阿拉伯人移民到巴勒斯坦。因此，雖然猶太復國主義是對古老渴望的現代鬥爭，但巴勒斯坦民族主義最近才開始，可以說只是對猶太復國主義的回應。

Another significant difference between the two is that Zionism’s foundation is based on democratic values, peace and sharing the land with others. Juxtapose Zionist values with the values of the Palestinian nationalist movement, which is based on exclusivity to the land and the elimination of Israel as a Jewish state, and the contrast is obvious. Even when Palestinians have spoken of agreeing to an Israeli state, they don’t acknowledge it as a Jewish state, arousing suspicion that their true intention isn’t to allow for a Zionist and Jewish state, but a democratic state they can win over through demographically challenging the Jewish nature of the state of Israel.

兩者之間的另一個顯著差異是猶太復國主義的基礎是民主價值、和平和與他人分享土地。將猶太復國主義價值觀與巴勒斯坦民族主義運動的價值觀放在一起，後者的基礎是對土地的排他性和消除以色列作為猶太國家的地位，對比是顯而易見的。即使巴勒斯坦人談到同意建立以色列國家，他們也不承認它是一個猶太國家，這讓人懷疑他們的真正意圖不是允許建立一個猶太復國主義和猶太國家，而是一個他們可以透過其贏得的民主國家。

Zionism began as a peaceful movement that reached out to its opponents and enemies. Israel’s declaration of independence calls for peace with Arabs inside and outside of Israel’s borders. Palestinian nationalism has proven to be an intolerant movement set on a violent culture. While calling Zionists peaceful and Palestinians violent is a gross generalization, there are outliers on both sides.

猶太復國主義最初是一場和平運動，向反對者和敵人伸出援手。以色列宣布獨立呼籲與以色列境內外的阿拉伯人實現和平。事實證明，巴勒斯坦民族主義是一場以暴力文化為基礎的不寬容運動。雖然稱猶太復國主義者和平而巴勒斯坦人暴力是一種粗暴的概括，但雙方都有異常情況。

Palestinian nationalism didn’t have to be inherently anti-Jewish and anti-Israel. It can stand for the self-determination of its people on its own land without expressing hate for the Jewish people. Zionism did exactly that, expressing its hope for a Jewish state on the Jewish people’

巴勒斯坦民族主義不一定本質上是反猶太人和反以色列的。它可以代表其人民在自己的土地上進行自決，而不表達對猶太人民的仇恨。猶太復國主義正是這樣做的，表達了對猶太人民建立猶太國家的希望。