俄罗斯通过 11 月起生效的新法律重组采矿业

尽管许多比特币媒体对这项法律持积极态度，但一位从实践经验中了解这一主题的客座作者解释了为什么这是一种误解。

Russia is reportedly legalizing crypto mining with a new law. Most media outlets are simply echoing this news uncritically from Russian government sources, often happy with a headline that’s “good for Bitcoin,” even when it involves Russia.

据报道，俄罗斯正在通过一项新法律使加密货币挖矿合法化。大多数媒体只是不加批判地回应俄罗斯政府消息来源的这一消息，通常对“对比特币有利”的标题感到满意，即使它涉及俄罗斯。

One of our readers, who knows more about the topic from personal experience, sees it much more critically. The new law is akin to a ban on exchanges and wallets and attempts to force the vital but also rebellious Russian Bitcoin scene into Moscow’s state agenda.

我们的一位读者通过个人经验对这个话题有了更多的了解，他对这个话题的看法也更加批判性。新法律类似于对交易所和钱包的禁令，并试图将至关重要但又叛逆的俄罗斯比特币场景纳入莫斯科的国家议程。

Therefore, I am publishing here a commentary jointly worked out with him.

因此，我在此发表与他共同撰写的评论。

A guest post by an anonymous reader

一位匿名读者的来宾帖子

The Current Legal Situation

目前的法律状况

To understand what the new law, effective from November 1, entails, one must understand the current legal situation.

要了解自 11 月 1 日起生效的新法律的含义，必须了解当前的法律状况。

Firstly, Bitcoin mining in Russia has not been illegal so far. For a long time, there was uncertainty, and mining operated in a gray legal area. With the “Digital Financial Assets Law” (DFA Law) effective from January 1, 2021, mining was first defined as an entrepreneurial activity that could be regulated and taxed.

首先，到目前为止，俄罗斯的比特币开采并不违法。长期以来，存在不确定性，采矿业处于灰色法律区域。随着2021年1月1日起生效的《数字金融资产法》（DFA法），挖矿首次被定义为可以监管和征税的创业活动。

Consequently, Russia began to regulate mining more strictly, especially regarding energy consumption and taxes. Additionally, discussions and legislative proposals aimed to regulate mining more explicitly at the national level.

因此，俄罗斯开始对采矿业进行更严格的监管，特别是在能源消耗和税收方面。此外，讨论和立法提案旨在在国家层面更明确地监管采矿业。

Buying, selling, and owning cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin is currently legal for private individuals. However, they are not allowed to use these as legal tender. You cannot buy goods and services with Bitcoin; the Ruble remains the only official currency in Russia.

目前，购买、出售和拥有比特币等加密货币对于个人来说是合法的。但是，他们不得将其用作法定货币。您不能用比特币购买商品和服务；卢布仍然是俄罗斯唯一的官方货币。

The new law, coming into effect on November 1, 2024, aims to better control the energy consumption and taxation of mining. Due to its abundant cheap energy sources, Russia has become an important location for Bitcoin mining, especially in regions like Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk.

新法将于2024年11月1日生效，旨在更好地控制采矿业的能源消耗和税收。由于其丰富的廉价能源，俄罗斯已成为比特币挖矿的重要地点，特别是在伊尔库茨克和克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等地区。

A Ban on Public Exchanges

禁止公共交易

To correctly assess the soon-to-be law, a critical look at the law signed by President Putin in early August 2024 (Federal Law of 08.08.2024 No. 221-FZ) is necessary. It can be read on the website for the official publication of legal acts.

为了正确评估即将出台的法律，有必要对普京总统于 2024 年 8 月上旬签署的法律（2024 年 8 月 8 日联邦法第 221-FZ 号）进行批判性审视。您可以在法律行为正式公布的网站上阅读。

First: The new law has nothing to do with further legalizing Bitcoin in Russia, and it is not a step toward a more liberal economic order. Quite the opposite, in fact.

第一：新法律与俄罗斯比特币进一步合法化无关，也不是迈向更加自由的经济秩序的一步。事实上恰恰相反。

Russia continues to forbid its citizens to use cryptocurrencies as a means of payment or exchange for domestic transactions. Furthermore, crypto exchanges face massive restrictions in working with their Russian private customers.

俄罗斯继续禁止其公民使用加密货币作为国内交易的支付或交换手段。此外，加密货币交易所在与俄罗斯私人客户合作时面临巨大限制。

The law states: „In the Russian Federation, it is prohibited to offer digital currencies or goods (works, services) to an indefinite circle of persons to organize or facilitate the circulation of a digital currency.“ Practically, this equals a ban on public exchanges and wallets.

该法律规定：“在俄罗斯联邦，禁止向不定范围的人员提供数字货币或商品（作品、服务）以组织或促进数字货币的流通。”实际上，这等于禁止公共交易所和钱包。

Additionally, the law bans any advertising for digital currencies, including for goods (works, services) „to organize or facilitate the circulation of a digital currency.“

此外，该法律禁止任何数字货币广告，包括“组织或促进数字货币流通”的商品（作品、服务）广告。

Russian citizens wishing to buy Bitcoin already face significant restrictions, as I can confirm from personal experience. Ruble deposits via bank transfer are only possible with a few providers, and this is no longer an option at most crypto exchanges.

正如我从个人经验中可以证实的那样，希望购买比特币的俄罗斯公民已经面临重大限制。只有少数提供商可以通过银行转账进行卢布存款，并且大多数加密货币交易所不再提供这种选择。

The new law applies to all domestic and foreign exchanges offering their services to Russian citizens. Hence, it seems that any crypto exchange will be de facto forbidden to transact with Russian individuals. However, how strictly this law will be enforced remains to be seen.

新法律适用于所有向俄罗斯公民提供服务的国内外交易所。因此，似乎任何加密货币交易所实际上都将被禁止与俄罗斯个人进行交易。然而，这项法律将如何严格执行还有待观察。

Miners as Government Tools for Sanction Circumvention

矿工作为政府规避制裁的工具

Now, moving on to what the international press has reported: Mining.

现在，我们来看看国际媒体的报道：采矿业。

Indeed, the new law allows licensed and monitored miners to mine Bitcoins from September. But this is only for use in international transactions.

事实上，新法律允许获得许可并受到监控的矿工从 9 月份开始开采比特币。但这仅适用于国际交易。

In coordination with the Central Bank, the government will formulate requirements regulating mining by natural and legal persons. The government will have the power to ban cryptocurrency mining in certain Russian regions.

政府将与中央银行协调，制定规范自然人和法人采矿的要求。政府将有权禁止俄罗斯某些地区的加密货币开采。

Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs mining cryptocurrencies, as well as operators of mining infrastructure, will need to register with a special registry maintained by the Russian Ministry of Digital Technologies, Communications, and Mass Media.

开采加密货币的法人实体和个体企业家以及采矿基础设施运营商需要在俄罗斯数字技术、通信和大众媒体部维护的特殊登记处进行注册。

Citizens who are not individual entrepreneurs and mine cryptocurrencies will be exempt from this new regulation if their energy consumption does not exceed a certain limit. However, they must still provide the Federal Financial Monitoring Service of Russia with information about the mined currency and the identification addresses.

非个体企业家和开采加密货币的公民，如果其能源消耗不超过一定限度，将不受这项新规定的约束。然而，他们仍然必须向俄罗斯联邦金融监管局提供有关开采的货币和识别地址的信息。

So yes, Russia allows mining – but under stringent regulations and thorough oversight.

所以，是的，俄罗斯允许采矿——但要遵守严格的法规和彻底的监督。

Digital Financial Assets

数字金融资产

Besides these two key sections on trading and mining, the law contains further paragraphs.

除了关于贸易和采矿的这两个关键部分外，该法律还包含其他段落。

It specifies, for instance, the prohibition on using digital currencies for financial settlements. This does not apply to currencies mined by Russian miners.

例如，它规定禁止使用数字货币进行金融结算。这不适用于俄罗斯矿工开采的货币。

There is also a clause on digital financial assets, presumably referring to „crypto-assets,“ such as bonds or other securities represented as tokens. The law allows their trade, even if they are based abroad, on Russian blockchain platforms. However, the Bank of Russia (the Central Bank) will have the authority to ban the placement of individual

还有一个关于数字金融资产的条款，大概指的是“加密资产”，例如债券或以代币表示的其他证券。法律允许他们在俄罗斯区块链平台上进行交易，即使他们位于国外。然而，俄罗斯银行（中央银行）将有权禁止个人安置