俄羅斯透過 11 月起生效的新法律重組採礦業

儘管許多比特幣媒體對這項法律持積極態度，但一位從實踐經驗中了解這一主題的客座作者解釋了為什麼這是一種誤解。

Russia is reportedly legalizing crypto mining with a new law. Most media outlets are simply echoing this news uncritically from Russian government sources, often happy with a headline that’s “good for Bitcoin,” even when it involves Russia.

據報道，俄羅斯正在通過一項新法律使加密貨幣挖礦合法化。大多數媒體只是不加批判地回應俄羅斯政府消息來源的這一消息，通常對「對比特幣有利」的標題感到滿意，即使它涉及俄羅斯。

One of our readers, who knows more about the topic from personal experience, sees it much more critically. The new law is akin to a ban on exchanges and wallets and attempts to force the vital but also rebellious Russian Bitcoin scene into Moscow’s state agenda.

我們的一位讀者透過個人經驗對這個主題有了更多的了解，他對這個主題的看法也更加批判性。新法律類似於對交易所和錢包的禁令，並試圖將至關重要但又叛逆的俄羅斯比特幣場景納入莫斯科的國家議程。

Therefore, I am publishing here a commentary jointly worked out with him.

因此，我在此發表與他共同撰寫的評論。

A guest post by an anonymous reader

一位匿名讀者的來賓帖子

The Current Legal Situation

目前的法律狀況

To understand what the new law, effective from November 1, entails, one must understand the current legal situation.

要了解自 11 月 1 日起生效的新法律的含義，必須了解當前的法律狀況。

Firstly, Bitcoin mining in Russia has not been illegal so far. For a long time, there was uncertainty, and mining operated in a gray legal area. With the “Digital Financial Assets Law” (DFA Law) effective from January 1, 2021, mining was first defined as an entrepreneurial activity that could be regulated and taxed.

首先，到目前為止，俄羅斯的比特幣開採並不違法。長期以來，存在不確定性，採礦業處於灰色法律區域。隨著2021年1月1日起生效的《數位金融資產法》（DFA法），挖礦首次被定義為可以監管和課稅的創業活動。

Consequently, Russia began to regulate mining more strictly, especially regarding energy consumption and taxes. Additionally, discussions and legislative proposals aimed to regulate mining more explicitly at the national level.

因此，俄羅斯開始對採礦業進行更嚴格的監管，特別是在能源消耗和稅收方面。此外，討論和立法提案旨在國家層級更明確地監管採礦業。

Buying, selling, and owning cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin is currently legal for private individuals. However, they are not allowed to use these as legal tender. You cannot buy goods and services with Bitcoin; the Ruble remains the only official currency in Russia.

目前，購買、出售和擁有比特幣等加密貨幣對個人來說是合法的。但是，他們不得將其用作法定貨幣。您不能用比特幣購買商品和服務；盧布仍然是俄羅斯唯一的官方貨幣。

The new law, coming into effect on November 1, 2024, aims to better control the energy consumption and taxation of mining. Due to its abundant cheap energy sources, Russia has become an important location for Bitcoin mining, especially in regions like Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk.

新法將於2024年11月1日生效，旨在更好地控制採礦業的能源消耗和稅收。由於其豐富的廉價能源，俄羅斯已成為比特幣挖礦的重要地點，特別是在伊爾庫茨克和克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等地區。

A Ban on Public Exchanges

禁止公共交易

To correctly assess the soon-to-be law, a critical look at the law signed by President Putin in early August 2024 (Federal Law of 08.08.2024 No. 221-FZ) is necessary. It can be read on the website for the official publication of legal acts.

為了正確評估即將出台的法律，有必要對普丁總統於 2024 年 8 月初簽署的法律（2024 年 8 月 8 日聯邦法第 221-FZ 號）進行批判性審查。您可以在法律行為正式公佈的網站上閱讀。

First: The new law has nothing to do with further legalizing Bitcoin in Russia, and it is not a step toward a more liberal economic order. Quite the opposite, in fact.

第一：新法與俄羅斯比特幣進一步合法化無關，也不是邁向更自由的經濟秩序的一步。事實上恰恰相反。

Russia continues to forbid its citizens to use cryptocurrencies as a means of payment or exchange for domestic transactions. Furthermore, crypto exchanges face massive restrictions in working with their Russian private customers.

俄羅斯繼續禁止其公民使用加密貨幣作為國內交易的支付或交換手段。此外，加密貨幣交易所在與俄羅斯私人客戶合作時面臨巨大限制。

The law states: „In the Russian Federation, it is prohibited to offer digital currencies or goods (works, services) to an indefinite circle of persons to organize or facilitate the circulation of a digital currency.“ Practically, this equals a ban on public exchanges and wallets.

該法律規定：「在俄羅斯聯邦，禁止向不定範圍的人員提供數位貨幣或商品（作品、服務）以組織或促進數位貨幣的流通。」實際上，這等於禁止公共交易所和錢包。

Additionally, the law bans any advertising for digital currencies, including for goods (works, services) „to organize or facilitate the circulation of a digital currency.“

此外，該法律禁止任何數位貨幣廣告，包括「組織或促進數位貨幣流通」的商品（作品、服務）廣告。

Russian citizens wishing to buy Bitcoin already face significant restrictions, as I can confirm from personal experience. Ruble deposits via bank transfer are only possible with a few providers, and this is no longer an option at most crypto exchanges.

正如我從個人經驗中可以證實的那樣，希望購買比特幣的俄羅斯公民已經面臨重大限制。只有少數供應商可以透過銀行轉帳進行盧布存款，而這在大多數加密貨幣交易所已不再是一種選擇。

The new law applies to all domestic and foreign exchanges offering their services to Russian citizens. Hence, it seems that any crypto exchange will be de facto forbidden to transact with Russian individuals. However, how strictly this law will be enforced remains to be seen.

新法適用於所有向俄羅斯公民提供服務的國內外交易所。因此，似乎任何加密貨幣交易所實際上都將被禁止與俄羅斯個人進行交易。然而，這項法律將如何嚴格執行還有待觀察。

Miners as Government Tools for Sanction Circumvention

礦場工作為政府規避制裁的工具

Now, moving on to what the international press has reported: Mining.

現在，我們來看看國際媒體的報導：礦業。

Indeed, the new law allows licensed and monitored miners to mine Bitcoins from September. But this is only for use in international transactions.

事實上，新法律允許獲得許可並受到監控的礦工從 9 月開始開採比特幣。但這僅適用於國際交易。

In coordination with the Central Bank, the government will formulate requirements regulating mining by natural and legal persons. The government will have the power to ban cryptocurrency mining in certain Russian regions.

政府將與中央銀行協調，制定規範自然人和法人採礦的要求。政府將有權禁止俄羅斯某些地區的加密貨幣開採。

Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs mining cryptocurrencies, as well as operators of mining infrastructure, will need to register with a special registry maintained by the Russian Ministry of Digital Technologies, Communications, and Mass Media.

開採加密貨幣的法人實體和個體企業家以及採礦基礎設施營運商需要在俄羅斯數位技術、通訊和大眾媒體部維護的特殊登記處進行註冊。

Citizens who are not individual entrepreneurs and mine cryptocurrencies will be exempt from this new regulation if their energy consumption does not exceed a certain limit. However, they must still provide the Federal Financial Monitoring Service of Russia with information about the mined currency and the identification addresses.

非個體企業家和開採加密貨幣的公民，如果其能源消耗不超過一定限度，將不受這項新規定的約束。然而，他們仍然必須向俄羅斯聯邦金融監管局提供有關開採的貨幣和識別地址的資訊。

So yes, Russia allows mining – but under stringent regulations and thorough oversight.

所以，是的，俄羅斯允許採礦——但要遵守嚴格的法規和徹底的監督。

Digital Financial Assets

數位金融資產

Besides these two key sections on trading and mining, the law contains further paragraphs.

除了關於貿易和採礦的這兩個關鍵部分外，該法律還包含其他段落。

It specifies, for instance, the prohibition on using digital currencies for financial settlements. This does not apply to currencies mined by Russian miners.

例如，它規定禁止使用數位貨幣進行金融結算。這不適用於俄羅斯礦工開採的貨幣。

There is also a clause on digital financial assets, presumably referring to „crypto-assets,“ such as bonds or other securities represented as tokens. The law allows their trade, even if they are based abroad, on Russian blockchain platforms. However, the Bank of Russia (the Central Bank) will have the authority to ban the placement of individual

還有一個關於數位金融資產的條款，大概指的是“加密資產”，例如債券或其他以代幣表示的證券。法律允許他們在俄羅斯區塊鏈平台上進行交易，即使他們位於國外。然而，俄羅斯銀行（中央銀行）將有權禁止個人安置