骯髒的硬幣：它們如何最終進入錢包以及如何追蹤它們

加密貨幣持有者經常親身經歷骯髒的硬幣。它們是什麼？

People who don't keep an eye on so-called "dirty" cryptocurrencies can wind up with these marked assets in their wallets. Many large platforms have blocked such wallets, and proving innocence can sometimes be challenging.

那些不關注所謂「骯髒」加密貨幣的人最終可能會在錢包裡留下這些標記的資產。許多大型平台已經封鎖了這類錢包，證明無辜有時可能具有挑戰性。

Specialists in analytical systems can change the data on cryptocurrency addresses to connect funds with illegal activity, even if a significant amount of time has passed since they were received.

分析系統的專家可以更改加密貨幣地址的數據，將資金與非法活動聯繫起來，即使自收到資金以來已經過去了很長一段時間。

Large centralized exchanges (CEX) are among the most law-abiding market participants. They typically follow the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an intergovernmental organization dedicated to combating money laundering, terrorist financing, and other threats. They also use specialized analytical tools to check the purity of cryptocurrency at the entry stage, making it unlikely that "dirty" assets will be received on such platforms.

大型中心化交易所（CEX）是最守法的市場參與者之一。它們通常遵循金融行動特別工作組 (FATF) 的建議，該組織是一個致力於打擊洗錢、恐怖主義融資和其他威脅的政府間組織。他們還在進入階段使用專門的分析工具來檢查加密貨幣的純度，使此類平台不太可能收到「髒」資產。

However, the risk arises if the exchange is subject to sanctions, from which all associated funds can be marked as sanctioned.

然而，如果交易所受到製裁，所有相關資金都可以被標記為受到製裁，那麼風險就會出現。

In contrast, decentralized services (DEX) can operate without licenses, in a gray area, and do not adhere to anti-money laundering (AML) requirements, which increases the likelihood of receiving “dirty” cryptocurrency.

相較之下，去中心化服務（DEX）可以在沒有許可證的情況下在灰色地帶運行，並且不遵守反洗錢（AML）要求，這增加了接收「骯髒」加密貨幣的可能性。

How can ‘dirty’ coins end up in a wallet?

「骯髒」的硬幣怎麼會出現在錢包裡呢？

Regulated trading platforms and exchangers keep a close eye on the movement of cryptocurrencies linked to criminal activity. They record assets that have been involved in illegal transactions.

受監管的交易平台和交易所密切關注與犯罪活動相關的加密貨幣的流動。他們記錄參與非法交易的資產。

Fraudsters use various schemes to conceal their actions and "clean" the coins, including crypto mixers, splitting transactions into small amounts, unregulated platforms, gambling, prepaid cards, and crypto ATMs.

詐欺者使用各種方案來隱藏他們的行為並「清理」代幣，包括加密貨幣混合器、將交易分成小額、不受監管的平台、賭博、預付卡和加密貨幣 ATM。

As a result, even the most law-abiding users may wind up with "dirty" cryptocurrencies in their wallets. It is impossible to purchase such assets on regulated exchanges and exchangers that operate according to KYC/AML requirements because they cannot be received on their platforms.

因此，即使是最守法的用戶也可能在錢包中發現「骯髒」的加密貨幣。不可能在受監管的交易所和按照 KYC/AML 要求運營的交易所購買此類資產，因為它們無法在其平台上接收。

However, users can easily purchase digital assets on an unregulated platform or a dubious exchange or accept them as payment.

然而，用戶可以輕鬆地在不受監管的平台或可疑交易所購買數位資產或接受它們作為付款。

How to track ‘dirty’ coins

如何追蹤「髒」幣

Regulated exchanges closely monitor the circulation of compromised coins, following regulators' directives. Since January 2020, the EU's Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive has been in effect, requiring platforms to monitor users' crypto transactions, maintain records, share data, and report suspicious transactions to authorities.

受監管的交易所依照監管機構的指令密切監控受損代幣的流通。自 2020 年 1 月起，歐盟第五號反洗錢指令生效，要求平台監控使用者的加密貨幣交易、維護記錄、共享資料並向當局報告可疑交易。

Large platforms have special units responsible for monitoring suspicious transactions. Bots, automatic notification systems, and manual checks identify “dirty” coins. Exchanges wield mixers, programs, and services for anonymizing transactions and laundering funds, which can lead to account blocking. Exchanges are not interested in the purpose for which the user used the mixer.

大型平台有專門的部門負責監控可疑交易。機器人、自動通知系統和手動檢查可以識別「髒」幣。交易所使用混合器、程式和服務來進行匿名交易和洗錢，這可能會導致帳戶被封鎖。交易所對用戶使用混合器的目的不感興趣。

International AML standards don't prohibit mixers, but exchanges are cautious. They usually do not block accounts where coins have been noticed to have passed through a mixer. Still, such wallets are subject to additional surveillance.

國際反洗錢標準並未禁止混合者，但交易所持謹慎態度。他們通常不會封鎖那些被發現有硬幣通過混合器的帳戶。儘管如此，此類錢包仍受到額外的監控。

Exchanges mainly use external solutions to optimize AML processes to monitor suspicious transactions. The most popular solutions are Chainalysis, CipherTrace, and Elliptic, which are used by regulated exchanges, exchangers, and law enforcement agencies.

交易所主要使用外部解決方案來優化反洗錢流程，以監控可疑交易。最受歡迎的解決方案是 Chainaanalysis、CipherTrace 和 Elliptic，它們被受監管的交易所、交易所和執法機構使用。

For example, CipherTrace tracks the bulk of all digital assets. Its system monitors crypto transactions and assigns wallets a risk level on a ten-point scale, depending on whether the funds were used in scam projects, mixers, darknet purchases, hacker attacks, extortion, drug trafficking, and terrorist financing.

例如，CipherTrace 追蹤大部分數位資產。其係統監控加密貨幣交易，並根據資金是否用於詐騙項目、混合器、暗網購買、駭客攻擊、勒索、販毒和恐怖主義融資，為錢包分配十級風險等級。

All compromised wallets and coins are added to a blacklist, which is accessible to trading platforms using the CipherTrace solution. After that, the exchange systems only have to block “dirty” funds and close accounts found to be violating AML requirements.

所有受損的錢包和代幣都被添加到黑名單中，使用 CipherTrace 解決方案的交易平台可以存取該黑名單。此後，交易系統只需封鎖「髒」資金並關閉被發現違反反洗錢要求的帳戶即可。

Anonymous cryptocurrency

匿名加密貨幣

Anonymous cryptocurrencies, designed to provide high privacy and anonymity, have implemented technologies primarily created to ensure the anonymity and privacy of transactions without external crypto mixers.

匿名加密貨幣旨在提供高度隱私和匿名性，其技術主要是為了確保無需外部加密貨幣混合器即可確保交易的匿名性和隱私性而創建的技術。

One of the most famous anonymous cryptocurrencies is Monero (XMR). The principle of Monero is that each transferred token is mixed with many other transactions, so it is impossible to track who sent Monero to whom.

最著名的匿名加密貨幣之一是門羅幣（XMR）。門羅幣的原理是，每筆轉帳的代幣都與許多其他交易混合在一起，因此無法追蹤誰將門羅幣發送給了誰。

However, in reality, the anonymity of XMR has often been questioned. Monero's anonymity problems were especially noticeable until February 2017, but the developers fixed the code afterward. Thus, all transactions made before this time can be tracked; moreover, even after the code change, some loopholes remain with which it is possible to track the senders of transactions; experts from Princeton University, Carnegie Mellon University, Boston University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign found out.

然而現實中，XMR的匿名性卻常受到質疑。門羅幣的匿名問題在 2017 年 2 月之前尤其引人注目，但開發人員隨後修復了程式碼。因此，可以追蹤該時間之前進行的所有交易；此外，即使在程式碼變更之後，仍然存在一些漏洞，可以透過這些漏洞追蹤交易的發送者；普林斯頓大學、卡內基美隆大學、波士頓大學、麻省理工學院和伊利諾大學厄巴納-香檳分校的專家發現了這一點。

“Monero mixins are sampled in such a way that they can be easily distinguished from the real coins by their age distribution; in short, the real input is usually the newest input.”

「門羅幣 mixin 的採樣方式可以透過年齡分佈輕鬆將其與真實貨幣區分開來；簡而言之，真正的輸入通常是最新的輸入。

Monero's anonymity was also established relatively recently — in 2024, there were several known cases where the supposedly anonymous cryptocurrency was tracked.

門羅幣的匿名性也是最近才確立的——2024 年，有幾個已知的案例顯示了這種所謂的匿名加密貨幣被追蹤的情況。

For example, in January, the Finnish National Bureau of Investigation reported tracking XMR associated with hacker Julius Kivimäki.

例如，一月份，芬蘭國家調查局報告正在追蹤與駭客 Julius Kivimäki 相關的 XMR。

Later in September, a video leak by

九月下旬，一段影片被洩露