肮脏的硬币：它们如何最终进入钱包以及如何追踪它们

加密货币持有者经常亲身经历肮脏的硬币。它们是什么？为什么此类资产变得更容易追踪？

People who don't keep an eye on so-called "dirty" cryptocurrencies can wind up with these marked assets in their wallets. Many large platforms have blocked such wallets, and proving innocence can sometimes be challenging.

那些不关注所谓“肮脏”加密货币的人最终可能会在钱包里留下这些标记的资产。许多大型平台已经封锁了此类钱包，证明无辜有时可能具有挑战性。

Specialists in analytical systems can change the data on cryptocurrency addresses to connect funds with illegal activity, even if a significant amount of time has passed since they were received.

分析系统的专家可以更改加密货币地址的数据，将资金与非法活动联系起来，即使自收到资金以来已经过去了很长一段时间。

Large centralized exchanges (CEX) are among the most law-abiding market participants. They typically follow the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an intergovernmental organization dedicated to combating money laundering, terrorist financing, and other threats. They also use specialized analytical tools to check the purity of cryptocurrency at the entry stage, making it unlikely that "dirty" assets will be received on such platforms.

大型中心化交易所（CEX）是最守法的市场参与者之一。它们通常遵循金融行动特别工作组 (FATF) 的建议，该组织是一个致力于打击洗钱、恐怖主义融资和其他威胁的政府间组织。他们还在进入阶段使用专门的分析工具来检查加密货币的纯度，从而使此类平台不太可能收到“脏”资产。

However, the risk arises if the exchange is subject to sanctions, from which all associated funds can be marked as sanctioned.

然而，如果交易所受到制裁，所有相关资金都可以被标记为受到制裁，那么风险就会出现。

In contrast, decentralized services (DEX) can operate without licenses, in a gray area, and do not adhere to anti-money laundering (AML) requirements, which increases the likelihood of receiving “dirty” cryptocurrency.

相比之下，去中心化服务（DEX）可以在没有许可证的情况下在灰色地带运行，并且不遵守反洗钱（AML）要求，这增加了接收“肮脏”加密货币的可能性。

How can ‘dirty’ coins end up in a wallet?

“肮脏”的硬币怎么会出现在钱包里呢？

Regulated trading platforms and exchangers keep a close eye on the movement of cryptocurrencies linked to criminal activity. They record assets that have been involved in illegal transactions.

受监管的交易平台和交易所密切关注与犯罪活动相关的加密货币的流动。他们记录参与非法交易的资产。

Fraudsters use various schemes to conceal their actions and "clean" the coins, including crypto mixers, splitting transactions into small amounts, unregulated platforms, gambling, prepaid cards, and crypto ATMs.

欺诈者使用各种方案来隐藏他们的行为并“清理”代币，包括加密货币混合器、将交易分成小额、不受监管的平台、赌博、预付卡和加密货币 ATM。

As a result, even the most law-abiding users may wind up with "dirty" cryptocurrencies in their wallets. It is impossible to purchase such assets on regulated exchanges and exchangers that operate according to KYC/AML requirements because they cannot be received on their platforms.

因此，即使是最守法的用户也可能在钱包中发现“肮脏”的加密货币。不可能在受监管的交易所和按照 KYC/AML 要求运营的交易所购买此类资产，因为它们无法在其平台上接收。

However, users can easily purchase digital assets on an unregulated platform or a dubious exchange or accept them as payment.

然而，用户可以轻松地在不受监管的平台或可疑交易所购买数字资产或接受它们作为付款。

How to track ‘dirty’ coins

如何追踪“脏”币

Regulated exchanges closely monitor the circulation of compromised coins, following regulators' directives. Since January 2020, the EU's Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive has been in effect, requiring platforms to monitor users' crypto transactions, maintain records, share data, and report suspicious transactions to authorities.

受监管的交易所按照监管机构的指令密切监控受损代币的流通。自 2020 年 1 月起，欧盟第五号反洗钱指令生效，要求平台监控用户的加密货币交易、维护记录、共享数据并向当局报告可疑交易。

Large platforms have special units responsible for monitoring suspicious transactions. Bots, automatic notification systems, and manual checks identify “dirty” coins. Exchanges wield mixers, programs, and services for anonymizing transactions and laundering funds, which can lead to account blocking. Exchanges are not interested in the purpose for which the user used the mixer.

大型平台有专门的部门负责监控可疑交易。机器人、自动通知系统和手动检查可以识别“脏”币。交易所使用混合器、程序和服务来进行匿名交易和洗钱，这可能会导致账户被封锁。交易所对用户使用混合器的目的不感兴趣。

International AML standards don't prohibit mixers, but exchanges are cautious. They usually do not block accounts where coins have been noticed to have passed through a mixer. Still, such wallets are subject to additional surveillance.

国际反洗钱标准并不禁止混合者，但交易所持谨慎态度。他们通常不会封锁那些被发现有硬币通过混合器的账户。尽管如此，此类钱包仍受到额外的监控。

Exchanges mainly use external solutions to optimize AML processes to monitor suspicious transactions. The most popular solutions are Chainalysis, CipherTrace, and Elliptic, which are used by regulated exchanges, exchangers, and law enforcement agencies.

交易所主要使用外部解决方案来优化反洗钱流程，以监控可疑交易。最流行的解决方案是 Chainaanalysis、CipherTrace 和 Elliptic，它们被受监管的交易所、交易所和执法机构使用。

For example, CipherTrace tracks the bulk of all digital assets. Its system monitors crypto transactions and assigns wallets a risk level on a ten-point scale, depending on whether the funds were used in scam projects, mixers, darknet purchases, hacker attacks, extortion, drug trafficking, and terrorist financing.

例如，CipherTrace 跟踪大部分数字资产。其系统监控加密货币交易，并根据资金是否用于诈骗项目、混合器、暗网购买、黑客攻击、勒索、贩毒和恐怖主义融资，为钱包分配十级风险级别。

All compromised wallets and coins are added to a blacklist, which is accessible to trading platforms using the CipherTrace solution. After that, the exchange systems only have to block “dirty” funds and close accounts found to be violating AML requirements.

所有受损的钱包和代币都被添加到黑名单中，使用 CipherTrace 解决方案的交易平台可以访问该黑名单。此后，交易系统只需封锁“脏”资金并关闭被发现违反反洗钱要求的账户即可。

Anonymous cryptocurrency

匿名加密货币

Anonymous cryptocurrencies, designed to provide high privacy and anonymity, have implemented technologies primarily created to ensure the anonymity and privacy of transactions without external crypto mixers.

匿名加密货币旨在提供高度隐私和匿名性，其技术主要是为了确保无需外部加密货币混合器即可确保交易的匿名性和隐私性而创建的技术。

One of the most famous anonymous cryptocurrencies is Monero (XMR). The principle of Monero is that each transferred token is mixed with many other transactions, so it is impossible to track who sent Monero to whom.

最著名的匿名加密货币之一是门罗币（XMR）。门罗币的原理是，每笔转账的代币都与许多其他交易混合在一起，因此无法追踪谁将门罗币发送给了谁。

However, in reality, the anonymity of XMR has often been questioned. Monero's anonymity problems were especially noticeable until February 2017, but the developers fixed the code afterward. Thus, all transactions made before this time can be tracked; moreover, even after the code change, some loopholes remain with which it is possible to track the senders of transactions; experts from Princeton University, Carnegie Mellon University, Boston University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign found out.

然而现实中，XMR的匿名性却经常受到质疑。门罗币的匿名问题在 2017 年 2 月之前尤其引人注目，但开发人员随后修复了代码。因此，可以跟踪该时间之前进行的所有交易；此外，即使在代码更改之后，仍然存在一些漏洞，可以通过这些漏洞跟踪交易的发送者；来自普林斯顿大学、卡内基梅隆大学、波士顿大学、麻省理工学院和伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校的专家发现了这一点。

“Monero mixins are sampled in such a way that they can be easily distinguished from the real coins by their age distribution; in short, the real input is usually the newest input.”

“门罗币 mixin 的采样方式可以通过年龄分布轻松将其与真实货币区分开来；简而言之，真正的输入通常是最新的输入。”

Monero's anonymity was also established relatively recently — in 2024, there were several known cases where the supposedly anonymous cryptocurrency was tracked.

门罗币的匿名性也是最近才确立的——2024 年，有几个已知的案例显示了这种所谓的匿名加密货币被追踪的情况。

For example, in January, the Finnish National Bureau of Investigation reported tracking XMR associated with hacker Julius Kivimäki.

例如，一月份，芬兰国家调查局报告称正在追踪与黑客 Julius Kivimäki 相关的 XMR。

Later in September, a video leak by

九月下旬，一段视频被泄露