司法處理涉及刑事案件的虛擬貨幣的兩個常見問題

在最近的兩個涉及虛擬貨幣的刑事案件中，我們遇到了兩個常見問題：調查機構（即公共安全機構）間接或被動地參加了非法財務活動

output: In two recent criminal cases involving virtual currencies, we encountered two common problems: the investigative agency (i.e., the public security agency) indirectly or passively participated in illegal financial activities during the case investigation stage by disposing of the virtual currencies involved in the case. For the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, defense lawyers will of course put forward our opinions to the relevant departments.

輸出：在最近的兩個涉及虛擬貨幣的刑事案件中，我們遇到了兩個共同的問題：調查機構（即公共安全機構）間接或被動地通過處理案件涉及的虛擬貨幣來間接或被動地參與非法財務活動。對於當事方的合法權利和利益，辯護律師當然會向相關部門提出我們的意見。

It seems that in the judicial disposal of virtual currency involved in the case, once the judicial authorities “meet the wrong person” and entrust an unreliable disposal company, it will not only bring hidden dangers to the handling of the case, but also bring risks to the judicial authorities themselves.

似乎在案件中涉及的虛擬貨幣的司法權限時，一旦司法當局“遇到了錯誤的人”並委託不可靠的處置公司，它不僅會給處理案件的處理帶來隱藏的危險，而且還會給司法當局帶來風險。

1. What is the “unreliable” judicial disposal model?

1。什麼是“不可靠”的司法處理模型？

In a case involving the opening of a casino involving currency, the local public security organ entrusted Company A to conduct judicial disposal of the virtual currency involved in the case. Company A continued to entrust Company B, an overseas company, to conduct the disposal overseas. After Company B completed the disposal, it issued a letter of authorization to its employee “Xiao Liu” (a mainland Chinese), entrusting Xiao Liu to directly transfer RMB (i.e. judicial disposal funds) to the Finance Bureau where the judicial organ is located. The total amount was several hundred million RMB. The figure below is only a small part of the transfer.

在涉及涉及貨幣的賭場開放的案件中，當地的公共安全器官委託公司A進行司法處理該案件所涉及的虛擬貨幣。 A公司繼續將海外公司B委託公司B進行海外處理。 B公司完成處置後，它向其僱員“小劉”（中國大陸）發了授權書，委託小劉直接將RMB（即司法處置資金）轉移到司法機構所在的財務局。總金額為數億元人民幣。下圖只是轉移的一小部分。

In addition to this case, we often see in other currency-related cases that third-party disposal companies entrusted by judicial authorities directly use the domestic RMB payment model in actual disposal business and transfer the disposal funds to the judicial authority’s bank account or special fiscal account. Based on the confidentiality requirements of information in criminal cases, we have coded the payer, payee, transaction amount, serial number and other information.

除這種情況外，我們經常在其他與貨幣相關的案件中看到，司法當局委託的第三方處置公司直接在實際處置業務中使用國內RMB付款模式，並將處置資金轉移到司法當局的銀行帳戶或特殊財政帳戶中。根據刑事案件中信息的機密要求，我們對付款人，收款人，交易金額，序列號和其他信息進行了編碼。

This mode of directly using domestic RMB for payment is the most primitive and non-compliant way of handling. According to current regulatory requirements, it is the most unreliable and purest illegal financial activity .

這種直接使用國內RMB付款的模式是最原始，最不合格的處理方式。根據當前的監管要求，它是最不可靠，最純粹的非法財務活動。

II. The distance between judicial disposal and illegal financial activities

ii。司法處置與非法財務活動之間的距離

The reason why “judicial disposal” is named “judicial” is because it is a judicial activity. The property attributes of virtual currencies, especially mainstream virtual currencies (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, etc.), have been widely recognized in China's current criminal justice practice. Just like traditional property involved in the case, such as real estate, vehicles, and even stocks and bonds, judicial disposal can be carried out.

“司法處置”被稱為“司法”的原因是因為它是一項司法活動。虛擬貨幣的財產屬性，尤其是主流虛擬貨幣（例如比特幣，以太坊，繫繩等），在中國目前的刑事司法實踐中已被廣泛認可。就像案件中涉及的傳統財產一樣，例如房地產，車輛，甚至股票和債券，也可以執行司法權限。

However, virtual currency is different from traditional property involved in a case.

但是，虛擬貨幣與案件中涉及的傳統財產不同。

According to the “9.24 Notice” (“Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risks of Virtual Currency Speculation Transactions”) issued by ten national ministries and commissions (the two high courts, one ministry, the central bank, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, etc.) in September 2021, all virtual currency-related business activities in mainland China are illegal financial activities and must be strictly prohibited and resolutely banned in accordance with the law. Those who engage in related illegal financial activities that constitute a crime will be held criminally liable in accordance with the law.

根據“ 9.24通知”（“進一步預防和應對虛擬貨幣投機交易的風險”），由十個國家部委和委員會發行（兩個高等法院，一個，一個部，中央銀行，州政府，外交所管理等）在2021年9月2021年在中國與非法貨幣的財務活動中都與法律相關的商業活動，並且在中國的財務上都必須遵守。那些從事構成犯罪的相關非法財務活動的人將根據法律承擔刑事責任。

So what are the virtual currency-related business activities?

那麼與虛擬貨幣相關的業務活動是什麼？

The first is the exchange business of legal currency and virtual currency ;

首先是法定貨幣和虛擬貨幣的交易業務；

The second is the exchange business between different virtual currencies;

第二個是不同虛擬貨幣之間的交換業務；

The third is to buy and sell virtual currencies as a central counterparty;

第三個是作為中央對手買賣虛擬貨幣；

4. Providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions;

4。為虛擬貨幣交易提供信息中間和定價服務；

The fifth is to conduct token issuance financing (i.e. ICO) and virtual currency derivative transactions.

第五是進行令牌發行融資（IE ICO）和虛擬貨幣衍生交易。

For judicial disposal, it is essentially to convert the virtual currency involved into legal tender, and then impose fines on the converted legal tender. Based on the provisions of the "9.24 Notice", judicial organs cannot directly exchange the virtual currency involved in the case with legal tender. In practice, they entrust third-party companies to do so, and third-party companies cannot directly exchange virtual currency with legal tender. The common operation mode at present is that third-party companies entrusted by judicial authorities to dispose of and convert the virtual currency into legal tender overseas (in practice, there are also disposal methods such as overseas auctions or direct recycling of virtual currency by the issuing company).

對於司法處理，基本上是將涉及的虛擬貨幣轉換為法定貨幣，然後對轉換後的法定貨幣罰款。根據“ 9.24通知”的規定，司法機構不能直接將案件中涉及的虛擬貨幣與法定貨幣交換。實際上，他們將第三方公司委託這樣做，第三方公司不能直接通過法定貨幣交換虛擬貨幣。目前，共同的操作模式是，司法當局委託將虛擬貨幣轉換為海外法定貨幣的第三方公司（實際上，也有處置方法，例如海外拍賣或發行公司直接對虛擬貨幣進行直接回收）。

The most basic knowledge point here is: no matter which disposal model is used, virtual currency and legal currency cannot be exchanged/cashed out in China, and it must be entrusted to individuals to transfer RMB, because this model is essentially a domestic individual directly purchasing virtual currency from the judicial authorities. Once a disposal company does this, it is actually engaging in illegal financial activities . For the judicial authorities that cooperate with such disposal companies, they have collected funds exchanged through illegal financial activities, or actually sold the virtual currency involved to individuals in the country. They should be identified as directly or indirectly involved in illegal financial activities. According to the provisions of the "9.24 Notice", the legal consequences are that they should be “strictly prohibited and resolutely banned in accordance with the law; those who conduct related illegal financial activities that constitute

這裡最基本的知識點是：無論使用哪種處置模型，都無法在中國交換/兌現虛擬貨幣和合法貨幣，並且必須將其委託給個人轉移RMB，因為該模型本質上是直接從司法當局購買虛擬貨幣的國內個人。一旦處置公司這樣做，它實際上正在從事非法財務活動。對於與此類處置公司合作的司法當局，他們已經通過非法財務活動收集了交換的資金，或者實際上將涉及的虛擬貨幣出售給了該國的個人。應將它們直接或間接地參與非法財務活動。根據“ 9.24通知”的規定，法律後果是應嚴格禁止並堅決禁止根據法律予以禁止；那些進行相關非法財務活動的人