司法处理涉及刑事案件的虚拟货币的两个常见问题

在最近的两个涉及虚拟货币的刑事案件中，我们遇到了两个常见问题：调查机构（即公共安全机构）间接或被动地参加了非法财务活动

output: In two recent criminal cases involving virtual currencies, we encountered two common problems: the investigative agency (i.e., the public security agency) indirectly or passively participated in illegal financial activities during the case investigation stage by disposing of the virtual currencies involved in the case. For the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, defense lawyers will of course put forward our opinions to the relevant departments.

输出：在最近的两个涉及虚拟货币的刑事案件中，我们遇到了两个共同的问题：调查机构（即公共安全机构）间接或被动地通过处理案件涉及的虚拟货币来间接或被动地参与非法财务活动。对于当事方的合法权利和利益，辩护律师当然会向相关部门提出我们的意见。

It seems that in the judicial disposal of virtual currency involved in the case, once the judicial authorities “meet the wrong person” and entrust an unreliable disposal company, it will not only bring hidden dangers to the handling of the case, but also bring risks to the judicial authorities themselves.

似乎在案件中涉及的虚拟货币的司法权限时，一旦司法当局“遇到了错误的人”并委托不可靠的处置公司，它不仅会给处理案件的处理带来隐藏的危险，而且还会给司法当局带来风险。

1. What is the “unreliable” judicial disposal model?

1。什么是“不可靠”的司法处理模型？

In a case involving the opening of a casino involving currency, the local public security organ entrusted Company A to conduct judicial disposal of the virtual currency involved in the case. Company A continued to entrust Company B, an overseas company, to conduct the disposal overseas. After Company B completed the disposal, it issued a letter of authorization to its employee “Xiao Liu” (a mainland Chinese), entrusting Xiao Liu to directly transfer RMB (i.e. judicial disposal funds) to the Finance Bureau where the judicial organ is located. The total amount was several hundred million RMB. The figure below is only a small part of the transfer.

在涉及涉及货币的赌场开放的案件中，当地的公共安全器官委托公司A进行司法处理该案件所涉及的虚拟货币。 A公司继续将海外公司B委托公司B进行海外处理。 B公司完成处置后，它向其雇员“小刘”（中国大陆）发了授权书，委托小刘直接将RMB（即司法处置资金）转移到司法机构所在的财务局。总金额为数亿元人民币。下图只是转移的一小部分。

In addition to this case, we often see in other currency-related cases that third-party disposal companies entrusted by judicial authorities directly use the domestic RMB payment model in actual disposal business and transfer the disposal funds to the judicial authority’s bank account or special fiscal account. Based on the confidentiality requirements of information in criminal cases, we have coded the payer, payee, transaction amount, serial number and other information.

除这种情况外，我们经常在其他与货币相关的案件中看到，司法当局委托的第三方处置公司直接在实际处置业务中使用国内RMB付款模式，并将处置资金转移到司法当局的银行帐户或特殊财政帐户中。根据刑事案件中信息的机密要求，我们对付款人，收款人，交易金额，序列号和其他信息进行了编码。

This mode of directly using domestic RMB for payment is the most primitive and non-compliant way of handling. According to current regulatory requirements, it is the most unreliable and purest illegal financial activity .

这种直接使用国内RMB付款的模式是最原始，最不合格的处理方式。根据当前的监管要求，它是最不可靠，最纯粹的非法财务活动。

II. The distance between judicial disposal and illegal financial activities

ii。司法处置与非法财务活动之间的距离

The reason why “judicial disposal” is named “judicial” is because it is a judicial activity. The property attributes of virtual currencies, especially mainstream virtual currencies (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, etc.), have been widely recognized in China's current criminal justice practice. Just like traditional property involved in the case, such as real estate, vehicles, and even stocks and bonds, judicial disposal can be carried out.

“司法处置”被称为“司法”的原因是因为它是一项司法活动。虚拟货币的财产属性，尤其是主流虚拟货币（例如比特币，以太坊，系绳等），在中国目前的刑事司法实践中已被广泛认可。就像案件中涉及的传统财产一样，例如房地产，车辆，甚至股票和债券，也可以执行司法权限。

However, virtual currency is different from traditional property involved in a case.

但是，虚拟货币与案件中涉及的传统财产不同。

According to the “9.24 Notice” (“Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risks of Virtual Currency Speculation Transactions”) issued by ten national ministries and commissions (the two high courts, one ministry, the central bank, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, etc.) in September 2021, all virtual currency-related business activities in mainland China are illegal financial activities and must be strictly prohibited and resolutely banned in accordance with the law. Those who engage in related illegal financial activities that constitute a crime will be held criminally liable in accordance with the law.

根据“ 9.24通知”（“进一步预防和应对虚拟货币投机交易的风险”），由十个国家部委和委员会发行（两个高等法院，一个，一个部，中央银行，州政府，外交所管理等）在2021年9月2021年在中国与非法货币的财务活动中都与法律相关的商业活动，并且在中国的财务上都必须遵守。那些从事构成犯罪的相关非法财务活动的人将根据法律承担刑事责任。

So what are the virtual currency-related business activities?

那么与虚拟货币相关的业务活动是什么？

The first is the exchange business of legal currency and virtual currency ;

首先是法定货币和虚拟货币的交易业务；

The second is the exchange business between different virtual currencies;

第二个是不同虚拟货币之间的交换业务；

The third is to buy and sell virtual currencies as a central counterparty;

第三个是作为中央对手买卖虚拟货币；

4. Providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions;

4。为虚拟货币交易提供信息中间和定价服务；

The fifth is to conduct token issuance financing (i.e. ICO) and virtual currency derivative transactions.

第五是进行令牌发行融资（IE ICO）和虚拟货币衍生交易。

For judicial disposal, it is essentially to convert the virtual currency involved into legal tender, and then impose fines on the converted legal tender. Based on the provisions of the "9.24 Notice", judicial organs cannot directly exchange the virtual currency involved in the case with legal tender. In practice, they entrust third-party companies to do so, and third-party companies cannot directly exchange virtual currency with legal tender. The common operation mode at present is that third-party companies entrusted by judicial authorities to dispose of and convert the virtual currency into legal tender overseas (in practice, there are also disposal methods such as overseas auctions or direct recycling of virtual currency by the issuing company).

对于司法处理，基本上是将涉及的虚拟货币转换为法定货币，然后对转换后的法定货币罚款。根据“ 9.24通知”的规定，司法机构不能直接将案件中涉及的虚拟货币与法定货币交换。实际上，他们将第三方公司委托这样做，第三方公司不能直接通过法定货币交换虚拟货币。目前，共同的操作模式是，司法当局委托将虚拟货币转换为海外法定货币的第三方公司（实际上，也有处置方法，例如海外拍卖或发行公司直接对虚拟货币进行直接回收）。

The most basic knowledge point here is: no matter which disposal model is used, virtual currency and legal currency cannot be exchanged/cashed out in China, and it must be entrusted to individuals to transfer RMB, because this model is essentially a domestic individual directly purchasing virtual currency from the judicial authorities. Once a disposal company does this, it is actually engaging in illegal financial activities . For the judicial authorities that cooperate with such disposal companies, they have collected funds exchanged through illegal financial activities, or actually sold the virtual currency involved to individuals in the country. They should be identified as directly or indirectly involved in illegal financial activities. According to the provisions of the "9.24 Notice", the legal consequences are that they should be “strictly prohibited and resolutely banned in accordance with the law; those who conduct related illegal financial activities that constitute

这里最基本的知识点是：无论使用哪种处置模型，都无法在中国交换/兑现虚拟货币和合法货币，并且必须将其委托给个人转移RMB，因为该模型本质上是直接从司法当局购买虚拟货币的国内个人。一旦处置公司这样做，它实际上正在从事非法财务活动。对于与此类处置公司合作的司法当局，他们已经通过非法财务活动收集了交换的资金，或者实际上将涉及的虚拟货币出售给了该国的个人。应将它们直接或间接地参与非法财务活动。根据“ 9.24通知”的规定，法律后果是应严格禁止并坚决禁止根据法律予以禁止；那些进行相关非法财务活动的人