电动汽车的广泛采用可以改善人类健康

多伦多大学的一项新研究表明，到 2050 年，电动汽车 (EV) 的大规模采用和可再生能源发电的推出可能会带来价值高达 1,880 亿美元的健康效益。

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained a lot of traction in recent years as a powerful means to tackle the problem of air pollution. This makes sense, given that air pollution contributes to one in ten deaths globally and causes 8.43 million premature deaths annually. It also shortens life expectancy by more than 2 years. According to WHO, air pollution is the largest environmental threat to human health worldwide.

近年来，电动汽车（EV）作为解决空气污染问题的有力手段受到了广泛关注。这是有道理的，因为空气污染造成全球十分之一的死亡，每年导致 843 万人过早死亡。它还会使预期寿命缩短2年以上。据世界卫生组织称，空气污染是全球人类健康面临的最大环境威胁。

This threat is largely attributable to the transportation industry. In the US, the sector accounts for about 29% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and, as such, has been the focal point for strategies aimed at mitigating climate change.

这种威胁主要归因于运输业。在美国，该行业约占所有温室气体 (GHG) 排放量的 29%，因此一直是旨在缓解气候变化的战略的焦点。

Among the solutions, EVs, which generate zero tailpipe emissions, offer significant promise in reducing both GHG emissions and air pollution. According to the US Department of Energy, compared to 5,186 kg of carbon emission created by gas-powered vehicles, EVs only produce 1,783 kg.

在这些解决方案中，电动汽车可以实现零尾气排放，为减少温室气体排放和空气污染提供了重大前景。根据美国能源部的数据，与汽油动力汽车产生的 5,186 公斤碳排放量相比，电动汽车仅产生 1,783 公斤碳排放量。

A study from earlier this year went on to examine the benefits of full electrification (FullE) in four US cities — New York, Chicago, Houston, and Los Angeles. These cities feature dense populations, high traffic volume, and poor air quality that doesn't meet the Environmental Protection Agency's standards.

今年早些时候的一项研究继续考察了纽约、芝加哥、休斯顿和洛杉矶这四个美国城市全面电气化 (FullE) 的好处。这些城市人口稠密，交通流量大，空气质量差，不符合环境保护局的标准。

The research found that the FullE scenario led to PM2.5 reduction peaking at 0.34 and 2.29 μg.m−3, along with marked reductions in both NOx and ozone concentrations.

研究发现，FullE 情景使 PM2.5 的峰值减少量达到 0.34 和 2.29 μg.m−3，同时氮氧化物和臭氧浓度也显着降低。

From a health perspective, a FullE scenario could potentially prevent 796, 328, and 157 premature deaths per month in New York, Chicago, and Houston, respectively. Economically, the health benefits are projected to range between $51 mln and $249 million per day.

从健康角度来看，FullE 方案每月可以在纽约、芝加哥和休斯顿分别防止 796 例、328 例和 157 例过早死亡。从经济角度来看，预计每天带来的健康效益将在 5100 万美元至 2.49 亿美元之间。

However, in Los Angeles, full electrification can actually increase mortality due to higher PM2.5 and ozone levels, while a 29% EV share for light-duty vehicles can save 104 lives each month. This is because of the city's complex atmospheric chemistry and unique geographical and meteorological conditions, and as such, calls for “region-specific environmental regulations.”

然而，在洛杉矶，由于 PM2.5 和臭氧水平较高，全面电气化实际上会增加死亡率，而轻型汽车 29% 的电动汽车份额每月可以挽救 104 条生命。这是因为该市复杂的大气化学和独特的地理和气象条件，因此需要“针对特定区域的环境法规”。

Another study, which investigated the health benefits of these vehicles in Shanghai, China, noted that some regions may derive more benefits from large-scale adoption of EVs, which is very costly, than others. As such, it recommended policymakers design incentives based on regional characteristics.

另一项研究在中国上海调查了这些车辆对健康的益处，指出一些地区可能会从大规模采用电动汽车中获得更多好处，但电动汽车的成本非常高。因此，它建议政策制定者根据地区特点设计激励措施。

A megacity like Shanghai typically suffers from worse air quality and a larger population is exposed to emissions from vehicles.

像上海这样的特大城市通常空气质量较差，而且更多的人口受到车辆排放的影响。

So, the study evaluated the climate and health benefits of replacing gasoline vehicles, which emit fine particulate matter, NOx, and volatile organic compounds, with battery-powered EVs that contribute to NOx and SO2 emissions from power plants.

因此，该研究评估了用电池驱动的电动汽车取代排放细颗粒物、氮氧化物和挥发性有机化合物的汽油汽车对气候和健康的好处，这些电动汽车会导致发电厂排放氮氧化物和二氧化硫。

It found that each EV in China's biggest city generates $6400 in health and climate benefits. Additionally, the health impacts of EVs were about 20 times lower than those of the average ICEV, with larger benefits achieved by replacing older ICEVs, amounting to $8900 per vehicle.

研究发现，中国最大城市的每辆电动汽车可带来 6400 美元的健康和气候效益。此外，电动汽车对健康的影响比普通 ICEV 低约 20 倍，更换旧 ICEV 带来的好处更大，每辆车可节省 8900 美元。

Vehicle electrification, however, not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improves air quality but has also been found to lower the mortality rate associated with exposure to toxic air pollutants.

然而，汽车电气化不仅可以减少温室气体排放并改善空气质量，而且还可以降低与有毒空气污染物暴露相关的死亡率。

Inhaling fine particulate matter emitted by ICE vehicles can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks. For children, exposure to air pollution can cause a lifetime of healthcare problems. Meanwhile, in pregnant women, it can result in an increased risk of complications and low birth weight. Research suggests that air pollution also contributes to attention-related disorders.

吸入内燃机车辆排放的细颗粒物会导致心血管疾病（包括心脏病）的风险增加。对于儿童来说，接触空气污染可能会导致终生的健康问题。同时，对于孕妇来说，它可能会导致并发症和低出生体重的风险增加。研究表明，空气污染也会导致注意力相关障碍。

Given the adverse effects of air pollution on human health, especially the young population, the American Lung Association studied the impact of EVs on saving lives.

鉴于空气污染对人类健康，尤其是年轻人健康的不利影响，美国肺脏协会研究了电动汽车对拯救生命的影响。

“Air pollution and climate change are putting children at risk today. The impacts of climate change continue to intensify, and that will just add to the risks that children in the United States face as they're growing up.”

“今天的空气污染和气候变化使儿童面临危险。气候变化的影响继续加剧，这只会增加美国儿童在成长过程中面临的风险。”

– Will Barrett, the report author and association's Senior Director of Advocacy for Clean Air

– 报告作者兼协会清洁空气倡导高级总监威尔·巴雷特 (Will Barrett)

To improve the health of people, the report suggested all new car purchases be zero-emission options and the nation's electric grid switch to clean and renewable energy by 2035.

为了改善人们的健康，该报告建议所有新车购买均应采用零排放选项，并在 2035 年之前将国家电网改用清洁和可再生能源。

As per the group, these zero-emission vehicles would create over $1.2 trillion in health benefits for the country by 2050.

该组织表示，到 2050 年，这些零排放车辆将为国家创造超过 1.2 万亿美元的健康效益。