重温中本聪改变金融史进程的九页白皮书

加密货币市场因预计周二播出的 HBO 纪录片将揭开中本聪的面纱而兴奋不已

Bitcoin is set to take centre stage again with an HBO documentary that is expected to unmask Satoshi Nakamoto.

HBO 的一部纪录片有望揭开中本聪的面纱，比特币将再次成为焦点。

The pseudonymous creator of the world’s leading cryptocurrency has managed to remain anonymous for over a decade.

世界领先加密货币的匿名创造者十多年来一直保持匿名。

But now, crypto fans are giddy with anticipation that the documentary, set to air on Tuesday, will finally put an end to the greatest mystery in financial history.

但现在，加密货币迷们兴奋不已，期待这部定于周二播出的纪录片最终将揭开金融史上最大的谜团。

They are also speculating on the fate of Satoshi’s $67 billion Bitcoin stash.

他们还在猜测中本聪 670 亿美元比特币储备的命运。

But even as we await the possible grand reveal, it is perhaps time to revisit the game-changing technological breakthroughs that Bitcoin brought about.

但即使在我们等待可能的重大揭晓时，也许是时候重新审视比特币带来的改变游戏规则的技术突破了。

They were all in described in Satoshi’s nine-page white paper published on October 31, 2018.

它们都在中本聪于 2018 年 10 月 31 日发布的九页白皮书中进行了描述。

The blueprint mapped a peer-to-peer cash electronic system. It also midwifed an industry now worth $2.3 trillion.

该蓝图描绘了一个点对点现金电子系统。它还催生了一个价值 2.3 万亿美元的行业。

Here are three of the most important innovations:

以下是三个最重要的创新：

Solving the double-spending problemBitcoin was not the first attempt at trustless money transfer where entities could transfer digital money without needing a central third party like a bank.

解决双重支出问题比特币并不是第一次尝试去信任的汇款，实体可以在不需要银行等中央第三方的情况下转移数字货币。

Many previous attempts failed because they could not prevent bad actors from duplicating digital money, a problem called double-spending.

之前的许多尝试都失败了，因为它们无法阻止不良行为者复制数字货币，这一问题称为双重支出。

Satoshi’s solution was to combine cryptography with economic incentives to encourage network participants to organise around a shared objective ― maintaining the Bitcoin network.

中本聪的解决方案是将密码学与经济激励相结合，鼓励网络参与者围绕共同目标组织起来——维护比特币网络。

That solution birthed the blockchain, a sequence of irreversible time-stamped transactions arranged into digital blocks, that obeys the longest chain rule.

该解决方案催生了区块链，这是一系列不可逆的带有时间戳的交易，排列成数字块，遵循最长链规则。

“We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network,” the white paper stated.

白皮书指出：“我们提出了一种使用点对点网络来解决双重支出问题的解决方案。”

The white paper described a P2P network of computer nodes that verify transactions and ensure their validity.

白皮书描述了一个由计算机节点组成的 P2P 网络，用于验证交易并确保其有效性。

Once verified, those transactions cannot be reversed or modified ― a concept now known as finality in blockchain.

一旦经过验证，这些交易就无法逆转或修改——这一概念现在被称为区块链中的最终性。

Mining with computersSatoshi’s solution to the double-spending problem went beyond simple network participants that work to verify transactions.

使用计算机进行挖掘中本聪解决双重支出问题的方法不仅仅是验证交易的简单网络参与者。

The Bitcoin creator devised an incentive model for honest participation in the form of mining.

比特币的创造者设计了一种以挖矿形式诚实参与的激励模型。

Miners who contributed computing power to secure Bitcoin’s network were to be rewarded with newly minted coins.

为保护比特币网络安全而贡献计算能力的矿工将获得新铸造的比特币奖励。

Miners earned 50 Bitcoin in the network’s early days which amounts to $3.15 million.

矿工在网络早期赚取了 50 个比特币，总计 315 万美元。

Satoshi was among those early miners and is believed to have mined 1.1 million Bitcoin now worth $67.6 billion.

中本聪是早期矿工之一，据信已开采了 110 万枚比特币，目前价值 676 亿美元。

Miners today now earn 3.125 Bitcoin valued at $197,000. The block reward is reduced every four years based on a baked-in inflation control mechanism called the halving.

如今，矿工可赚取 3.125 比特币，价值 197,000 美元。根据称为减半的内置通胀控制机制，区块奖励每四年减少一次。

It’s not mentioned in the white paper but Satoshi hard-coded it into the protocol.

白皮书中没有提及，但中本聪将其硬编码到协议中。

The white paper also suggested that miners could earn transaction fees.

白皮书还建议矿工可以获得交易费。

Satoshi envisioned Bitcoin mining with simple computers and not the large data centres of today that contain run thousands of rigs.

中本聪设想用简单的计算机进行比特币挖掘，而不是使用当今运行数千台钻机的大型数据中心。

Yet, the incentive structure described in the thesis paper still holds.

然而，论文中描述的激励结构仍然成立。

Satoshi even predicted that large miners would find it more profitable to continue earning block rewards, rather than defraud the network.

中本聪甚至预测，大型矿工会发现继续赚取区块奖励比欺骗网络更有利可图。

It’s all about the blockchainSatoshi combined existing disparate computing technologies ― digital signatures, proof of work, and time-stamped servers ― to create a single network that soon came to be called a blockchain.

一切都与区块链有关中本聪结合了现有的不同计算技术——数字签名、工作证明和时间戳服务器——创建了一个很快被称为区块链的单一网络。

Digital signatures that combine public and private key cryptography are used to create a hash for each Bitcoin transaction. Miners check the validity of those signatures to ensure there isn’t any double-spending.

结合公钥和私钥加密技术的数字签名用于为每笔比特币交易创建哈希值。矿工检查这些签名的有效性，以确保不存在任何双重支出。

The time-stamp server publicly broadcasts each verified hash added to the chain to create the blockchain.

时间戳服务器公开广播添加到链中的每个经过验证的哈希值以创建区块链。

While envisioned for P2P cash transfer in the white paper, blockchains have evolved for wide-ranging trustless verifications.

虽然白皮书中设想了 P2P 现金转移，但区块链已经发展为广泛的去信任验证。

It’s now the technology that underpins the sprawling $2.3 trillion crypto market.

现在，这项技术支撑着价值 2.3 万亿美元的庞大加密货币市场。

And in the future, it may be the technology that supports the tokenisation of the global financial market.

而在未来，它可能是支持全球金融市场代币化的技术。