重溫中本聰改變金融史進程的九頁白皮書

加密貨幣市場因預計週二播出的 HBO 紀錄片將揭開中本聰的面紗而興奮不已

Bitcoin is set to take centre stage again with an HBO documentary that is expected to unmask Satoshi Nakamoto.

HBO 的一部紀錄片有望揭開中本聰的面紗，比特幣將再次成為焦點。

The pseudonymous creator of the world’s leading cryptocurrency has managed to remain anonymous for over a decade.

世界領先加密貨幣的匿名創造者十多年來一直保持匿名。

But now, crypto fans are giddy with anticipation that the documentary, set to air on Tuesday, will finally put an end to the greatest mystery in financial history.

但現在，加密貨幣迷們興奮不已，期待這部定於週二播出的紀錄片最終將揭開金融史上最大的謎團。

They are also speculating on the fate of Satoshi’s $67 billion Bitcoin stash.

他們還在猜測中本聰 670 億美元比特幣儲備的命運。

But even as we await the possible grand reveal, it is perhaps time to revisit the game-changing technological breakthroughs that Bitcoin brought about.

但即使在我們等待可能的重大揭曉時，也許是時候重新審視比特幣帶來的改變遊戲規則的技術突破了。

They were all in described in Satoshi’s nine-page white paper published on October 31, 2018.

它們都在中本聰於 2018 年 10 月 31 日發布的九頁白皮書中進行了描述。

The blueprint mapped a peer-to-peer cash electronic system. It also midwifed an industry now worth $2.3 trillion.

這張藍圖描繪了一個點對點現金電子系統。它還催生了一個價值 2.3 兆美元的產業。

Here are three of the most important innovations:

以下是三個最重要的創新：

Solving the double-spending problemBitcoin was not the first attempt at trustless money transfer where entities could transfer digital money without needing a central third party like a bank.

解決雙重支出問題比特幣並不是第一次嘗試去信任的匯款，實體可以在不需要銀行等中央第三方的情況下轉移數位貨幣。

Many previous attempts failed because they could not prevent bad actors from duplicating digital money, a problem called double-spending.

之前的許多嘗試都失敗了，因為它們無法阻止不良行為者複製數位貨幣，這問題稱為雙重支出。

Satoshi’s solution was to combine cryptography with economic incentives to encourage network participants to organise around a shared objective ― maintaining the Bitcoin network.

中本聰的解決方案是將密碼學與經濟激勵結合，鼓勵網路參與者圍繞共同目標組織起來——維護比特幣網路。

That solution birthed the blockchain, a sequence of irreversible time-stamped transactions arranged into digital blocks, that obeys the longest chain rule.

該解決方案催生了區塊鏈，這是一系列不可逆的帶有時間戳記的交易，排列成數位區塊，遵循最長鏈規則。

“We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network,” the white paper stated.

白皮書指出：“我們提出了一種使用點對點網路來解決雙重支出問題的解決方案。”

The white paper described a P2P network of computer nodes that verify transactions and ensure their validity.

白皮書描述了一個由電腦節點組成的 P2P 網絡，用於驗證交易並確保其有效性。

Once verified, those transactions cannot be reversed or modified ― a concept now known as finality in blockchain.

一旦經過驗證，這些交易就無法逆轉或修改——這個概念現在被稱為區塊鏈中的最終性。

Mining with computersSatoshi’s solution to the double-spending problem went beyond simple network participants that work to verify transactions.

使用電腦進行挖掘中本聰解決雙重支出問題的方法不僅僅是驗證交易的簡單網路參與者。

The Bitcoin creator devised an incentive model for honest participation in the form of mining.

比特幣的創造者設計了一種以挖礦形式誠實參與的激勵模型。

Miners who contributed computing power to secure Bitcoin’s network were to be rewarded with newly minted coins.

為確保比特幣網路安全而貢獻運算能力的礦工將獲得新鑄造的比特幣獎勵。

Miners earned 50 Bitcoin in the network’s early days which amounts to $3.15 million.

礦工在網路早期賺取了 50 個比特幣，總計 315 萬美元。

Satoshi was among those early miners and is believed to have mined 1.1 million Bitcoin now worth $67.6 billion.

中本聰是早期礦工之一，據信已開採了 110 萬枚比特幣，目前價值 676 億美元。

Miners today now earn 3.125 Bitcoin valued at $197,000. The block reward is reduced every four years based on a baked-in inflation control mechanism called the halving.

如今，礦工可賺取 3.125 比特幣，價值 197,000 美元。根據稱為減半的內建通膨控制機制，區塊獎勵每四年減少一次。

It’s not mentioned in the white paper but Satoshi hard-coded it into the protocol.

白皮書中沒有提及，但中本聰將其硬編碼到協議中。

The white paper also suggested that miners could earn transaction fees.

白皮書也建議礦工可以獲得交易費。

Satoshi envisioned Bitcoin mining with simple computers and not the large data centres of today that contain run thousands of rigs.

中本聰設想用簡單的電腦進行比特幣挖掘，而不是使用當今運行數千台鑽機的大型資料中心。

Yet, the incentive structure described in the thesis paper still holds.

然而，論文中所描述的激勵結構仍然成立。

Satoshi even predicted that large miners would find it more profitable to continue earning block rewards, rather than defraud the network.

中本聰甚至預測，大型礦工會發現繼續賺取區塊獎勵比欺騙網路更有利可圖。

It’s all about the blockchainSatoshi combined existing disparate computing technologies ― digital signatures, proof of work, and time-stamped servers ― to create a single network that soon came to be called a blockchain.

一切都與區塊鏈有關中本聰結合了現有的不同計算技術——數位簽章、工作證明和時間戳記伺服器——創建了一個很快就被稱為區塊鏈的單一網路。

Digital signatures that combine public and private key cryptography are used to create a hash for each Bitcoin transaction. Miners check the validity of those signatures to ensure there isn’t any double-spending.

結合公鑰和私鑰加密技術的數位簽章用於為每筆比特幣交易創建哈希值。礦工檢查這些簽名的有效性，以確保不存在任何雙重支出。

The time-stamp server publicly broadcasts each verified hash added to the chain to create the blockchain.

時間戳伺服器公開廣播添加到鏈中的每個經過驗證的雜湊值以創建區塊鏈。

While envisioned for P2P cash transfer in the white paper, blockchains have evolved for wide-ranging trustless verifications.

雖然白皮書中設想了 P2P 現金轉移，但區塊鏈已發展為廣泛的去信任驗證。

It’s now the technology that underpins the sprawling $2.3 trillion crypto market.

現在，這項技術支撐著價值 2.3 兆美元的龐大加密貨幣市場。

And in the future, it may be the technology that supports the tokenisation of the global financial market.

而在未來，它可能是支持全球金融市場代幣化的技術。