NSA 的 FISA 扩张引发隐私倡导者的愤怒

爱德华·斯诺登 (Edward Snowden) 警告国家安全局 (NSA) 计划扩大《外国情报监视法》(FISA) 第 702 条的范围，这可能使政府能够在未经个人和企业同意的情况下对其进行监视。斯诺登强调迫切需要反对这项立法，因为它威胁到互联网自由和新闻保护。

NSA's Expansion of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Draws Ire

美国国家安全局扩大外国情报监视法案引起愤怒

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Washington, D.C. - The National Security Agency (NSA) is poised to expand a contentious portion of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) known as Section 702, sparking alarm among civil liberties advocates, tech giants, and whistleblowers. The move has ignited a fierce debate over the balance between national security and privacy rights in the digital age.

华盛顿特区 - 美国国家安全局 (NSA) 准备扩大《外国情报监视法》(FISA) 中有争议的部分（即第 702 条），这引起了公民自由倡导者、科技巨头和举报人的警惕。此举引发了关于数字时代国家安全与隐私权之间平衡的激烈争论。

Edward Snowden's Stark Warning

爱德华·斯诺登的严厉警告

Edward Snowden, the former intelligence contractor who famously leaked classified documents exposing the NSA's extensive surveillance programs, has issued a dire warning about the impending expansion of FISA. In a public statement, Snowden urged businesses and individuals to resist the legislation, which he claims would further empower the NSA to monitor and collect data on Americans and entities within the United States.

前情报承包商爱德华·斯诺登（Edward Snowden）因泄露机密文件而闻名，这些文件揭露了国家安全局广泛的监视计划，他对外国情报监视法案即将扩大发出了可怕的警告。斯诺登在一份公开声明中敦促企业和个人抵制这项立法，他声称该立法将进一步授权国家安全局监控和收集有关美国人和美国境内实体的数据。

"The NSA is just days away from taking over the internet," Snowden tweeted in response to a warning from Elizabeth Goitein, Co-director of the Liberty and National Security Program at the Brennan Center for Justice. "This bill, if passed, could transform the entire company into a spy machine and intends to kill the things."

斯诺登在推特上回应布伦南司法中心自由与国家安全项目联席主任伊丽莎白·戈伊因的警告时说：“美国国家安全局距离接管互联网只有几天的时间。” “这项法案如果通过，可能会将整个公司变成间谍机器，并打算杀死这些东西。”

Industry and Advocacy Groups Cry Foul

行业和倡导团体大声疾呼

Snowden's warning has resonated with the tech industry and civil liberties groups. The Freedom of the Press Foundation has denounced the bill as an "emergency for press freedom," arguing that it would provide intelligence agencies with "countless ways to surveil journalists and their sources" by compelling American businesses to cooperate.

斯诺登的警告引起了科技行业和公民自由团体的共鸣。新闻自由基金会谴责该法案是“新闻自由的紧急情况”，认为该法案将迫使美国企业合作，为情报机构提供“无数种监视记者及其消息来源的方式”。

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has also condemned the proposed expansion, stating that it "would create a dangerous new surveillance regime that could be used against anyone, regardless of their connection to terrorism."

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has also condemned the proposed expansion, stating that it "would create a dangerous new surveillance regime that could be used against anyone, regardless of their connection to terrorism."

Political Battle Lines Drawn

政治战线已划定

The impending vote on FISA expansion has drawn clear battle lines in Congress. Oregon Senator Ron Wyden has vowed to use "everything in [his] power to stop it from passing in the Senate," describing the bill as "one of the most dramatic and terrifying expansions of government surveillance authority in history."

即将举行的关于外国情报监视法案（FISA）扩展的投票在国会已经划出了清晰的战线。俄勒冈州参议员罗恩·怀登发誓要“尽其所能阻止该法案在参议院获得通过”，并将该法案描述为“历史上最戏剧性、最可怕的政府监控权力扩张之一”。

Senators Rand Paul (R-KY) and Steve Daines (R-MT) have also expressed strong opposition to the bill, citing concerns over its potential for abuse and its violation of citizens' constitutional rights.

参议员兰德·保罗（肯塔基州共和党）和史蒂夫·戴恩斯（蒙大拿州共和党）也对该法案表示强烈反对，理由是担心该法案可能被滥用以及侵犯公民的宪法权利。

On the other side of the aisle, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) has defended the expansion as necessary to protect Americans from foreign threats, particularly in the wake of the recent pandemic and ongoing Russian aggression.

另一方面，参议院多数党领袖查克·舒默（纽约州民主党人）辩称，扩张是必要的，以保护美国人免受外国威胁，特别是在最近的大流行和俄罗斯持续的侵略之后。

The Mechanics of FISA

FISA 的机制

FISA was enacted in 1978 to provide a legal framework for the NSA's foreign intelligence collection activities, including the interception of electronic communications and the use of surveillance devices. Section 702 of FISA, which is set to expire in 2023, authorizes the NSA to collect "foreign intelligence information" from non-U.S. citizens within the United States without a warrant.

FISA 于 1978 年颁布，旨在为 NSA 的外国情报收集活动（包括拦截电子通信和使用监视设备）提供法律框架。 FISA 第 702 条将于 2023 年到期，授权 NSA 在没有搜查令的情况下从美国境内的非美国公民收集“外国情报信息”。

The government argues that this authority is essential for detecting and preventing terrorist attacks and other threats to national security. However, critics argue that the program is overly broad and susceptible to abuse, as it allows the NSA to collect data on millions of innocent Americans.

政府认为，这一权力对于侦查和防止恐怖袭击和其他对国家安全的威胁至关重要。然而，批评者认为该计划过于广泛，容易被滥用，因为它允许国家安全局收集数百万无辜美国人的数据。

Transparency and Oversight

透明度和监督

In response to privacy concerns, FISA includes provisions for transparency and oversight. The government is required to report to Congress on the number of FISA orders issued and the number of communications collected. Additionally, a secret court reviews the government's FISA applications and can block or modify them if they are found to be overly broad or unrelated to national security.

为了应对隐私问题，FISA 纳入了透明度和监督条款。政府需要向国会报告发布的 FISA 命令的数量和收集的通信数量。此外，一个秘密法庭会审查政府的外国情报监视申请，如果发现申请过于宽泛或与国家安全无关，可以阻止或修改它们。

However, critics argue that these safeguards are insufficient and that the government has repeatedly violated the privacy rights of Americans under FISA. They point to the revelation that the NSA collected and stored millions of Americans' phone records without their knowledge or consent.

然而，批评者认为这些保障措施还不够，而且政府一再侵犯美国外国情报监视法案规定的美国人的隐私权。他们指出，美国国家安全局在数百万美国人不知情或未同意的情况下收集并存储了他们的电话记录。

The Road Ahead

前方的路

The fate of the FISA expansion remains uncertain. The House of Representatives is scheduled to vote on the bill on April 19, and if passed, it will move to the Senate for further debate.

FISA 扩张的命运仍不确定。众议院定于4月19日对该法案进行投票，如果获得通过，将移交参议院进一步辩论。

The outcome of the vote is likely to be closely contested, with strong opposition from civil liberties groups, tech giants, and a bipartisan group of senators. The future of digital privacy in the United States hangs in the balance as the nation grapples with the evolving landscape of national security and the fundamental rights of its citizens.

投票结果可能会引起激烈的争论，受到公民自由团体、科技巨头和两党参议员团体的强烈反对。随着美国努力应对不断变化的国家安全形势和公民基本权利，美国数字隐私的未来悬而未决。