NSA 的 FISA 擴張引發隱私倡議者的憤怒

愛德華·斯諾登(Edward Snowden) 警告國家安全局(NSA) 計劃擴大《外國情報監視法》(FISA) 第702 條的範圍，這可能使政府能夠在未經個人和企業同意的情況下對其進行監視。史諾登強調迫切需要反對這項立法，因為它威脅到網路自由和新聞保護。

NSA's Expansion of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Draws Ire

美國國家安全局擴大外國情報監視法案引起憤怒

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Washington, D.C. - The National Security Agency (NSA) is poised to expand a contentious portion of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) known as Section 702, sparking alarm among civil liberties advocates, tech giants, and whistleblowers. The move has ignited a fierce debate over the balance between national security and privacy rights in the digital age.

華盛頓特區 - 美國國家安全局 (NSA) 準備擴大《外國情報監視法》(FISA) 中有爭議的部分（即第 702 條），這引起了公民自由倡導者、科技巨頭和舉報人的警惕。此舉引發了關於數位時代國家安全與隱私權平衡的激烈爭論。

Edward Snowden's Stark Warning

愛德華·斯諾登的嚴厲警告

Edward Snowden, the former intelligence contractor who famously leaked classified documents exposing the NSA's extensive surveillance programs, has issued a dire warning about the impending expansion of FISA. In a public statement, Snowden urged businesses and individuals to resist the legislation, which he claims would further empower the NSA to monitor and collect data on Americans and entities within the United States.

前情報承包商愛德華·斯諾登（Edward Snowden）因洩露機密文件而聞名，這些文件揭露了國家安全局廣泛的監視計劃，他對外國情報監視法案即將擴大發出了可怕的警告。史諾登在公開聲明中敦促企業和個人抵制這項立法，他聲稱該立法將進一步授權國家安全局監控和收集有關美國人和美國境內實體的數據。

"The NSA is just days away from taking over the internet," Snowden tweeted in response to a warning from Elizabeth Goitein, Co-director of the Liberty and National Security Program at the Brennan Center for Justice. "This bill, if passed, could transform the entire company into a spy machine and intends to kill the things."

斯諾登在推特上回應布倫南司法中心自由與國家安全項目聯席主任伊麗莎白·戈伊因的警告時說：“美國國家安全局距離接管互聯網只有幾天的時間。” “這項法案如果通過，可能會將整個公司變成間諜機器，並打算殺死這些東西。”

Industry and Advocacy Groups Cry Foul

行業和倡導團體大聲疾呼

Snowden's warning has resonated with the tech industry and civil liberties groups. The Freedom of the Press Foundation has denounced the bill as an "emergency for press freedom," arguing that it would provide intelligence agencies with "countless ways to surveil journalists and their sources" by compelling American businesses to cooperate.

史諾登的警告引起了科技業和公民自由團體的共鳴。新聞自由基金會譴責該法案是“新聞自由的緊急情況”，認為該法案將迫使美國企業合作，為情報機構提供“無數種監視記者及其消息來源的方式”。

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) has also condemned the proposed expansion, stating that it "would create a dangerous new surveillance regime that could be used against anyone, regardless of their connection to terrorism."

電子前沿基金會（EFF）也譴責了擬議的擴張，稱其“將創建一個危險的新監視制度，可用於針對任何人，無論他們與恐怖主義有何联系。”

Political Battle Lines Drawn

政治戰線已劃定

The impending vote on FISA expansion has drawn clear battle lines in Congress. Oregon Senator Ron Wyden has vowed to use "everything in [his] power to stop it from passing in the Senate," describing the bill as "one of the most dramatic and terrifying expansions of government surveillance authority in history."

即將舉行的關於外國情報監視法案（FISA）擴展的投票在國會已經劃出了清晰的戰線。俄勒岡州參議員羅恩·懷登發誓要“盡其所能阻止該法案在參議院獲得通過”，並將該法案描述為“歷史上最戲劇性、最可怕的政府監控權力擴張之一”。

Senators Rand Paul (R-KY) and Steve Daines (R-MT) have also expressed strong opposition to the bill, citing concerns over its potential for abuse and its violation of citizens' constitutional rights.

參議員蘭德保羅（肯塔基州共和黨）和史蒂夫戴恩斯（蒙大拿州共和黨）也對該法案表示強烈反對，理由是擔心該法案可能被濫用以及侵犯公民的憲法權利。

On the other side of the aisle, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) has defended the expansion as necessary to protect Americans from foreign threats, particularly in the wake of the recent pandemic and ongoing Russian aggression.

另一方面，參議院多數黨領袖舒默（紐約州民主黨人）辯稱，擴張是必要的，以保護美國人免受外國威脅，特別是在最近的大流行和俄羅斯持續的侵略之後。

The Mechanics of FISA

FISA 的機制

FISA was enacted in 1978 to provide a legal framework for the NSA's foreign intelligence collection activities, including the interception of electronic communications and the use of surveillance devices. Section 702 of FISA, which is set to expire in 2023, authorizes the NSA to collect "foreign intelligence information" from non-U.S. citizens within the United States without a warrant.

FISA 於 1978 年頒布，旨在為 NSA 的外國情報收集活動（包括攔截電子通訊和使用監視設備）提供法律框架。 FISA 第 702 條將於 2023 年到期，授權 NSA 在沒有搜查令的情況下從美國境內的非美國公民收集「外國情報資訊」。

The government argues that this authority is essential for detecting and preventing terrorist attacks and other threats to national security. However, critics argue that the program is overly broad and susceptible to abuse, as it allows the NSA to collect data on millions of innocent Americans.

政府認為，這項權力對於偵查和防止恐怖攻擊和其他對國家安全的威脅至關重要。然而，批評者認為該計劃過於廣泛，容易被濫用，因為它允許國家安全局收集數百萬無辜美國人的數據。

Transparency and Oversight

透明度和監督

In response to privacy concerns, FISA includes provisions for transparency and oversight. The government is required to report to Congress on the number of FISA orders issued and the number of communications collected. Additionally, a secret court reviews the government's FISA applications and can block or modify them if they are found to be overly broad or unrelated to national security.

為了應對隱私問題，FISA 納入了透明度和監督條款。政府需要向國會報告發布的 FISA 命令的數量和收集的通訊數量。此外，一個秘密法庭會審查政府的外國情報監視申請，如果發現申請過於寬泛或與國家安全無關，可以阻止或修改它們。

However, critics argue that these safeguards are insufficient and that the government has repeatedly violated the privacy rights of Americans under FISA. They point to the revelation that the NSA collected and stored millions of Americans' phone records without their knowledge or consent.

然而，批評者認為這些保障措施還不夠，而且政府一再侵犯美國外國情報監視法案規定的美國人的隱私權。他們指出，美國國家安全局在數百萬美國人不知情或未同意的情況下收集並儲存了他們的電話記錄。

The Road Ahead

前方的路

The fate of the FISA expansion remains uncertain. The House of Representatives is scheduled to vote on the bill on April 19, and if passed, it will move to the Senate for further debate.

FISA 擴張的命運仍不確定。眾議院定於4月19日對該法案進行投票，如果獲得通過，將移交參議院進一步辯論。

The outcome of the vote is likely to be closely contested, with strong opposition from civil liberties groups, tech giants, and a bipartisan group of senators. The future of digital privacy in the United States hangs in the balance as the nation grapples with the evolving landscape of national security and the fundamental rights of its citizens.

投票結果可能會引起激烈的爭論，受到公民自由團體、科技巨頭和兩黨參議員團體的強烈反對。隨著美國努力應對不斷變化的國家安全形勢和公民基本權利，美國數位隱私的未來懸而未決。