罗马时代的荷兰

2023年，两名金属探测者从一世纪的一世纪发掘出了非常广泛而多样的硬币，他们的发现是罗马，英国和北非起源的404个金和银币的集合，是欧洲第一个出土的。大陆。

Two Dutch metal detectorists have unearthed a massive hoard of 404 gold and silver coins from the first century C.E. in the Netherlands, marking the first discovery of its kind on the European continent, according to a statement from the National Museum of Antiquities.

根据国家古物博物馆的一份声明，两名荷兰金属侦探家在荷兰一世纪从一世纪的一世纪发掘出了404枚金币和银币的巨大ho积，这是国家古物博物馆的一份声明。

Discovered in 2023, the coins were found in the muddy fields of Bunnik, a village in Utrecht Province that once marked the northern edge of the Roman Empire. The stash includes 360 Roman coins, two coins from the North African kingdom of Numidia, and 44 staters from Celtic Britain.

在2023年发现的硬币是在乌特雷希特省的一个村庄的泥泞田野中发现的，该村庄曾经是罗马帝国的北部边缘。藏匿处包括360枚罗马硬币，北非北非王国的两枚硬币以及来自凯尔特人英国的44个代表。

While searching for a local fruit grower's lost tractor key in Houten, Gert-Jan Messelaar and Reinier Koelink decided to give up and head over to a nearby field in Bunnik, where they had previously found a few coins, reports RTV Utrecht’s Bas Teunissen.

RTV UTRECHT的Bas Teunissen报道，在寻找当地的水果种植者在豪顿的拖拉机钥匙时，Gert-Jan Messelaar和Reinier Koelink决定放弃并前往Bunnik的附近田野，他们以前在那里发现了几枚硬币。

Koelink made the first find: a golden Celtic coin resting near the surface of the mud. The pair found a few more loose coins—including the largest Roman coin ever found in the province—but their metal detectors would not stop beeping. Messelaar finally stuck his hand into a shallow hole in the ground, where he uncovered a stash of hundreds of coins. “Bingo,” he recalls thinking, according to RTV Utrecht.

Koelink提出了第一个发现：泥浆表面附近的金凯尔特硬币。两人发现了更多松散的硬币，包括该省有史以来最大的罗马硬币 - 但他们的金属探测器不会停止发出哔哔声。梅塞拉尔（Messelaar）终于将他的手伸进了地面上的一个浅孔中，在那里他发现了数百个硬币的藏匿处。 RTV Utrecht说：“宾果游戏，”他回忆说。

Koelink and Messelaar used clumps of mud to keep the coins together before bringing the haul back home, where they carefully cleaned, sorted and reported their findings to cultural heritage authorities. Then, they celebrated.

Koelink和Messelaar使用了一团泥土将硬币放在一起，然后将运输带回家，在那里他们精心清理，分类并将其发现向文化遗产当局报告。然后，他们庆祝了。

“We opened a bottle of champagne,” Messelaar tells the Guardian’s Daniel Boffey. “You never find this.”

“我们开了一瓶香槟，”梅塞拉尔告诉《卫报》的丹尼尔·博菲。 “你永远找不到这个。”

Following the detectorists’ initial discovery of 381 coins in the summer, the Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency, with the help of Koelink and Messelaar, conducted additional excavations in the surrounding areas, finding another 23 coins.

在探测者在夏天最初发现381枚硬币的最初发现之后，荷兰文化遗产局在Koelink和Messelaar的帮助下在周围地区进行了其他发掘，发现了另外23个硬币。

Now, the grand total of 404 coins will join a permanent exhibition titled “The Netherlands in Roman Times” at the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden later this year.

现在，今年晚些时候，总共有404枚硬币将参加一个永久性展览，名为“罗马时代的荷兰”。

Dated to between 200 B.C.E. and 47 C.E., 360 of the coins are Roman in origin. Of these, 288 are denarii, the standard silver coin, and 72 are aurei, a denser, golden coin that was originally worth 25 denarii.

约公元前200年至公元前47年，360个硬币是罗马的起源。其中288个是Denarii，标准的银币和72是Aurei，它是最初价值25 Denarii的浓密的金币。

Many of the Roman coins bear the portrait of Emperor Claudius, who reigned between 41 and 54 C.E. One depicts Julius Caesar, while another even rarer coin shows the likeness of Juba, the ruler of Numidia, a kingdom in northern Africa that roughly corresponds to modern-day Algeria.

许多罗马硬币都带有克劳迪乌斯皇帝的肖像，他在41至54 CE之间统治了一个描绘朱利叶斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar），而另一枚甚至稀有的硬币显示了朱巴（Juba）的统治者朱巴（Juba），这是北非王国的统治者，与现代大致相对应 - 阿尔及利亚日。

Two of the Claudius coins dated to between 46 and 47 C.E. are from identical dies, suggesting they were distributed to Roman soldiers as military pay, write Anton Cruysheer, an archaeologist with the Utrecht Landscape and Heritage Foundation, and Tessa de Groot, an archaeologist with the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, for UtrechtAltijd.

Claudius的两枚硬币的日期为46至47 CE，来自相同的模具，这表明它们被分发给了罗马士兵作为军事薪酬，写了Anton Cruysheer，Anton Cruysheer是Utrecht景观和遗产基金会的考古学家，以及Tessa de Groot，Antesa de Groot，An Chaie Groot，An Chaee Odists，An Chaee Osistics，An Chaie Osistiol，An Chaie Odists，Anter an Chaige Osistect荷兰的文化遗产局，为Utrechtaltijd。

The 44 non-Roman coins are perhaps the most notable of the entire stash. The golden alloy coins, known as staters, bear the inscription “CVNO,” the first four letters of Cunobelinus, the Latin name of Celtic King Cunobelin, who reigned between roughly 10 and 42 C.E. in southeastern Britain.

44个非罗马硬币也许是整个藏匿处中最著名的。金色的合金硬币（称为代表）带有铭文“ cvno”，这是Cunobelinus的前四个字母，即凯尔特人国王Cunobelin的拉丁语名称，他在英国东南部大约10至42 CE之间。

Cruysheer and de Groot argue that the eclectic composition of the hoard “strongly suggests a connection to the conquest of Britain” under Aulus Plautius, a Roman general who Claudius dispatched to cross the Channel and invade the island in 43 C.E.

Cruysheer和de Groot认为，ard积的折衷组成“强烈建议与英国征服的联系”奥鲁斯·普劳蒂乌斯（Aulus Plautius），他是一名罗马将军，克劳迪乌斯（Claudius

The wide range of dates of the Cunobelin staters, including four posthumously issued coins, indicates that the stash was removed from circulation in one fell swoop, like Roman troops looting the newly conquered territory, according to UtrechtAltijd.

根据Utrechtaltijd的说法，Cunobelin Staters的广泛日期，包括四个死后发行的硬币，表明藏匿处是在一次倒下的一口气中从循环中移走的，就像罗马军队抢劫了新被征服的领土一样。

Combined with the Roman coins used as military pay, the entire stash strongly resembles spoils of war. Discovered less than a foot beneath the surface, where it was probably buried in a leather pouch that has since decayed, the cache was left in a region where Roman troops were known to have amassed before the invasion of Britain.

结合罗马硬币用作军事薪酬，整个藏匿处都非常类似于战争的战利品。在地面以下不到一英尺的位置，该袋子可能被埋葬在腐烂的皮革袋中，该草皮被留在一个众所周知，罗马军队在入侵英国之前已经积累了。

“This is the first time that physical evidence of the return of the troops has been found,” Cruysheer tells the Guardian. “Apparently, they came back with all sorts of things. That is new information.”

克鲁瑟告诉《卫报》：“这是第一次发现部队返回的物理证据。” “显然，他们带着各种各样的东西回来了。那是新信息。”