羅馬時代的荷蘭

2023年，兩名金屬探測者從一世紀的一世紀發掘出了非常廣泛而多樣的硬幣，他們的發現是羅馬，英國和北非起源的404個金和銀幣的集合，是歐洲第一個出土的。大陸。

Two Dutch metal detectorists have unearthed a massive hoard of 404 gold and silver coins from the first century C.E. in the Netherlands, marking the first discovery of its kind on the European continent, according to a statement from the National Museum of Antiquities.

根據國家古物博物館的一份聲明，兩名荷蘭金屬偵探家在荷蘭一世紀從一世紀的一世紀發掘出了404枚金幣和銀幣的巨大ho積，這是國家古物博物館的一份聲明。

Discovered in 2023, the coins were found in the muddy fields of Bunnik, a village in Utrecht Province that once marked the northern edge of the Roman Empire. The stash includes 360 Roman coins, two coins from the North African kingdom of Numidia, and 44 staters from Celtic Britain.

在2023年發現的硬幣是在烏特雷希特省的一個村莊的泥濘田野中發現的，該村莊曾經是羅馬帝國的北部邊緣。藏匿處包括360枚羅馬硬幣，北非北非王國的兩枚硬幣以及來自凱爾特人英國的44個代表。

While searching for a local fruit grower's lost tractor key in Houten, Gert-Jan Messelaar and Reinier Koelink decided to give up and head over to a nearby field in Bunnik, where they had previously found a few coins, reports RTV Utrecht’s Bas Teunissen.

RTV UTRECHT的Bas Teunissen報導，在尋找當地的水果種植者在豪頓的拖拉機鑰匙時，Gert-Jan Messelaar和Reinier Koelink決定放棄並前往Bunnik的附近田野，他們以前在那裡發現了幾枚硬幣。

Koelink made the first find: a golden Celtic coin resting near the surface of the mud. The pair found a few more loose coins—including the largest Roman coin ever found in the province—but their metal detectors would not stop beeping. Messelaar finally stuck his hand into a shallow hole in the ground, where he uncovered a stash of hundreds of coins. “Bingo,” he recalls thinking, according to RTV Utrecht.

Koelink提出了第一個發現：泥漿表面附近的金凱爾特硬幣。兩人發現了更多鬆散的硬幣，包括該省有史以來最大的羅馬硬幣 - 但他們的金屬探測器不會停止發出嗶嗶聲。梅塞拉爾（Messelaar）終於將他的手伸進了地面上的一個淺孔中，在那裡他發現了數百個硬幣的藏匿處。 RTV Utrecht說：“賓果遊戲，”他回憶說。

Koelink and Messelaar used clumps of mud to keep the coins together before bringing the haul back home, where they carefully cleaned, sorted and reported their findings to cultural heritage authorities. Then, they celebrated.

Koelink和Messelaar使用了一團泥土將硬幣放在一起，然後將運輸帶回家，在那裡他們精心清理，分類並將其發現向文化遺產當局報告。然後，他們慶祝了。

“We opened a bottle of champagne,” Messelaar tells the Guardian’s Daniel Boffey. “You never find this.”

“我們開了一瓶香檳，”梅塞拉爾告訴《衛報》的丹尼爾·博菲。 “你永遠找不到這個。”

Following the detectorists’ initial discovery of 381 coins in the summer, the Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency, with the help of Koelink and Messelaar, conducted additional excavations in the surrounding areas, finding another 23 coins.

在探測者在夏天最初發現381枚硬幣的最初發現之後，荷蘭文化遺產局在Koelink和Messelaar的幫助下在周圍地區進行了其他發掘，發現了另外23個硬幣。

Now, the grand total of 404 coins will join a permanent exhibition titled “The Netherlands in Roman Times” at the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden later this year.

現在，今年晚些時候，總共有404枚硬幣將參加一個永久性展覽，名為“羅馬時代的荷蘭”。

Dated to between 200 B.C.E. and 47 C.E., 360 of the coins are Roman in origin. Of these, 288 are denarii, the standard silver coin, and 72 are aurei, a denser, golden coin that was originally worth 25 denarii.

約公元前200年至公元前47年，360個硬幣是羅馬的起源。其中288個是Denarii，標準的銀幣和72是Aurei，它是最初價值25 Denarii的濃密的金幣。

Many of the Roman coins bear the portrait of Emperor Claudius, who reigned between 41 and 54 C.E. One depicts Julius Caesar, while another even rarer coin shows the likeness of Juba, the ruler of Numidia, a kingdom in northern Africa that roughly corresponds to modern-day Algeria.

許多羅馬硬幣都帶有克勞迪烏斯皇帝的肖像，他在41至54 CE之間統治了一個描繪朱利葉斯·凱撒（Julius Caesar），而另一枚甚至稀有的硬幣顯示了朱巴（Juba ）的統治者朱巴（Juba），這是北非王國的統治者，與現代大致相對應 - 阿爾及利亞日。

Two of the Claudius coins dated to between 46 and 47 C.E. are from identical dies, suggesting they were distributed to Roman soldiers as military pay, write Anton Cruysheer, an archaeologist with the Utrecht Landscape and Heritage Foundation, and Tessa de Groot, an archaeologist with the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, for UtrechtAltijd.

Claudius的兩枚硬幣的日期為46至47 CE，來自相同的模具，這表明它們被分發給了羅馬士兵作為軍事薪酬，寫了Anton Cruysheer，Anton Cruysheer是Utrecht景觀和遺產基金會的考古學家，以及Tessa de Groot，Antesa de Groot，An Chaie Groot，An Chaee Odists，An Chaee Osistics，An Chaie Osistiol，An Chaie Odists，Anter an Chaige Osistect荷蘭的文化遺產局，為Utrechtaltijd。

The 44 non-Roman coins are perhaps the most notable of the entire stash. The golden alloy coins, known as staters, bear the inscription “CVNO,” the first four letters of Cunobelinus, the Latin name of Celtic King Cunobelin, who reigned between roughly 10 and 42 C.E. in southeastern Britain.

44個非羅馬硬幣也許是整個藏匿處中最著名的。金色的合金硬幣（稱為代表）帶有銘文“ cvno”，這是Cunobelinus的前四個字母，即凱爾特人國王Cunobelin的拉丁語名稱，他在英國東南部大約10至42 CE之間。

Cruysheer and de Groot argue that the eclectic composition of the hoard “strongly suggests a connection to the conquest of Britain” under Aulus Plautius, a Roman general who Claudius dispatched to cross the Channel and invade the island in 43 C.E.

Cruysheer和de Groot認為，ard積的折衷組成“強烈建議與英國征服的聯繫”奧魯斯·普勞蒂烏斯（Aulus Plautius），他是一名羅馬將軍，克勞迪烏斯（Claudius

The wide range of dates of the Cunobelin staters, including four posthumously issued coins, indicates that the stash was removed from circulation in one fell swoop, like Roman troops looting the newly conquered territory, according to UtrechtAltijd.

根據Utrechtaltijd的說法，Cunobelin Staters的廣泛日期，包括四個死後發行的硬幣，表明藏匿處是在一次倒下的一口氣中從循環中移走的，就像羅馬軍隊搶劫了新被征服的領土一樣。

Combined with the Roman coins used as military pay, the entire stash strongly resembles spoils of war. Discovered less than a foot beneath the surface, where it was probably buried in a leather pouch that has since decayed, the cache was left in a region where Roman troops were known to have amassed before the invasion of Britain.

結合羅馬硬幣用作軍事薪酬，整個藏匿處都非常類似於戰爭的戰利品。在地面以下不到一英尺的位置，該袋子可能被埋葬在腐爛的皮革袋中，該草皮被留在一個眾所周知，羅馬軍隊在入侵英國之前已經積累了。

“This is the first time that physical evidence of the return of the troops has been found,” Cruysheer tells the Guardian. “Apparently, they came back with all sorts of things. That is new information.”

克魯瑟告訴《衛報》：“這是第一次發現部隊返回的物理證據。” “顯然，他們帶著各種各樣的東西回來了。那是新信息。”