俄羅斯提出了新的比特幣立法，該立法可能將其通過第三方的轉移定為犯罪

俄羅斯的調查委員會提出了一項可能影響該國加密貨幣市場的提案。

Russia’s Investigative Committee has proposed new legislation that would legally classify cryptocurrency as property and potentially criminalize its transfer through third parties.

俄羅斯的調查委員會提出了新的立法，該立法將合法地將加密貨幣歸類為財產，並將其通過第三方的轉讓定為犯罪。

The move comes amid a broader effort to regulate digital assets in Russia. In early February, Investigative Committee Chairman Alexander Bastrykin announced during an extended board meeting that the agency had proposed to legalize cryptocurrency as property, Interfax reports.

此舉是在規範俄羅斯數字資產的更廣泛努力中。 Interfax報導，2月初，調查委員會主席Alexander Bastrykin在一項擴展董事會會議上宣布，該機構建議將加密貨幣合法化為財產。

“We have proposed to legally recognize cryptocurrency as property and to introduce criminal liability for transferring electronic payment instruments to third parties,” Bastrykin said.

Bastrykin說：“我們提議合法地將加密貨幣視為財產，並對將電子支付工具轉移給第三方。”

The proposal has sparked debate among legal experts over whether cryptocurrency falls under the definition of “electronic payment instruments” in Russian law. If approved, the changes would introduce clear rules on how cryptocurrency can be seized or confiscated during investigations.

該提案激發了法律專家之間關於加密貨幣是否屬於俄羅斯法律“電子支付工具”的定義的辯論。如果獲得批准，這些更改將介紹有關如何在調查過程中如何扣押或沒收加密貨幣的明確規則。

Currently, Russian law lacks a standardized approach to handling cryptocurrency in criminal cases. The proposed amendments would officially classify crypto as property, allowing authorities to treat it as evidence. New rules would also set guidelines for freezing and confiscating cryptocurrencies.

目前，俄羅斯法律缺乏在刑事案件中處理加密貨幣的標準化方法。擬議的修正案將正式將加密貨幣歸類為財產，使當局可以將其視為證據。新規則還將設定凍結和沒收加密貨幣的準則。

One key issue that the committee is highlighting in its proposal is the illegal use of third-party bank accounts, often known as “droppers,” to facilitate cryptocurrency transactions. This practice is what the authorities are suggesting criminal liability for.

該委員會在其提案中強調的一個關鍵問題是非法使用第三方銀行帳戶（通常稱為“ Droppers”）來促進加密貨幣交易。這種做法是當局提出的刑事責任。

According to Russian law, electronic payment instruments refer to methods that allow individuals to manage and transfer funds through electronic systems, such as banking cards or digital wallets. But when it comes to cryptocurrency, law enforcement faces technical challenges in identifying and tracking illicit transactions.

根據俄羅斯法律，電子支付工具是指允許個人通過電子系統（例如銀行卡或數字錢包）管理和轉移資金的方法。但是，在加密貨幣方面，執法部門在識別和跟踪非法交易時面臨技術挑戰。

Vladimir Sobinsky, a legal expert at the law firm DRC, which represented Binance in 2020, explained in a commentary to crypto.news that the issue lies in the way crypto is bought in Russia. Many crypto newbies use the peer-to-peer services of centralized crypto exchanges, he says.

律師事務所DRC的法律專家Vladimir Sobinsky於2020年代表Binance，他在對Crypto的評論中解釋說，這個問題在於在俄羅斯購買加密貨幣的方式。他說，許多加密新手使用集中加密交易所的點對點服務。

There, they essentially “buy access” to someone else’s banking app because Russian banking rules limit their ability to buy crypto directly. This mechanism technically counts as using a dropper’s services, Sobinsky explains.

在那裡，他們本質上是對他人銀行應用程序的“購買訪問權限”，因為俄羅斯銀行業務規則限制了他們直接購買加密貨幣的能力。 Sobinsky解釋說，這種機制從技術上講是使用滴管服務的。

“In most cases, this is due to the fact that when frequently conducting crypto buy or sell transactions, users’ bank cards are blocked under Federal Law 115-FL, and they are forced to close their accounts. As a result, an individual who frequently buys and sells cryptocurrency is forced to ‘buy access’ to a third party’s banking app in order to conduct transactions through their account, effectively using the services of a dropper for their own purposes.”

“在大多數情況下，這是由於以下事實：當經常進行加密貨幣交易時，用戶的銀行卡受到聯邦法律115-FL的限制，並且他們被迫關閉其帳戶。結果，一個經常購買和出售加密貨幣的個人被迫“購買訪問權限”第三方的銀行應用程序，以便通過其帳戶進行交易，實際上將滴管服務用於自己的目的。”

Vladimir Sobinsky

弗拉基米爾·索本斯基

Bastrykin's proposal appears to be aimed at curbing the increasing number of crimes related to cryptocurrency, especially those involving young people. Sobinsky says droppers are usually “young people or migrants” who are willing to “sell access” to their bank account for 50,000-60,000 Russian rubles (around $500-600).

Bastrykin的提議似乎旨在遏制與加密貨幣有關的犯罪數量越來越多，尤其是涉及年輕人的犯罪。索本斯基說，滴管通常是“年輕人或移民”，他們願意以50,000-60,000俄羅斯盧布（約合500-600美元）“出售”其銀行帳戶的訪問權限。

According to data from the Investigative Committee, there was a 10% increase in digital crimes in 2024 compared to the previous year, with nearly one in five such offenses being committed by individuals under the age of majority. However, it is not clear how many of these crimes involved crypto.

根據調查委員會的數據，與上一年相比，2024年的數字犯罪增加了10％，五分之一的此類犯罪是由多數年齡段以下的個人犯下的。但是，尚不清楚其中有多少涉及加密貨幣。

While the idea of criminal liability for transferring electronic payment instruments is clear, whether it applies to crypto wallets is not. Sobinsky says crypto wallets are not considered electronic payment instruments. Nevsky IP Law, another Russian firm that also represented Binance in court, believes they are.

儘管轉移電子支付工具的刑事責任的想法很明確，但它是否適用於加密錢包。 Sobinsky說，加密錢包不被視為電子支付工具。 Nevsky IP Law是另一項也代表法庭上代表Binance的俄羅斯公司，他認為它們是。

“[…] in terms of crypto, electronic payment instruments include both digital and hardware wallets. The initiative to criminalize the transfer of such electronic payment instruments to nominee parties is understandable. In the case of bank cards, law enforcement, regulatory authorities, and banks themselves know who is making the transaction. With cryptocurrencies, however, the wallet is often known, but not the specific individual.”

“ […]在加密貨幣方面，電子支付工具包括數字和硬件錢包。將此類電子支付工具轉移給提名方的主動性是可以理解的。就銀行卡，執法，監管機構和銀行本身而言，他們知道誰在進行交易。但是，使用加密貨幣，錢包通常是已知的，但不是特定的人。”

Ruslan Gafurov, Partner, Head of Dispute Resolution Practice at Nevsky IP Law

Nevsky IP Law的合夥人，爭議解決實踐主管Ruslan Gafurov

Gafurov also noted that the phenomenon of “droppers” is common in Russia's banking card sector. Banks always include a clause in card issuance agreements prohibiting the transfer of cards, but “no criminal bans currently exist,” Gafurov says, adding that the issue “is not as simple as it may seem at first glance.”

加夫羅夫還指出，“滴管”現像在俄羅斯的銀行卡部門很常見。加法羅夫說，銀行總是在發行卡的一項條款中包括一項條款，禁止卡的轉讓，但“目前不存在犯罪禁令”，並補充說，這個問題“乍一看並不像乍一看那樣簡單。”

On Bastrykin's call to classify crypto as property, the Nevsky IP Law partner says it is already recognized as property in Russian law, especially in civil and tax matters.

Nevsky IP法律合作夥伴在Bastrykin呼籲將加密貨幣歸為財產的呼籲中說，它已經被認為是俄羅斯法律中的財產，尤其是在民事和稅收方面。

“Courts have previously dealt with questions about whether cryptocurrency is considered property in bankruptcy and divorce cases. It was then that it was first confirmed in Russia that, under the meaning of Article 128 of the Civil Code, cryptocurrency is indeed considered property.”

“法院以前已經處理了有關加密貨幣在破產和離婚案件中是否被視為財產的問題。那時首先在俄羅斯確認，根據《民法典》第128條的含義，加密貨幣確實被視為財產。”

Ruslan Gafurov

However, Gafurov acknowledged that the proposed amendments may be necessary to address specific procedural issues related to cryptocurrency in criminal law. For instance, these amendments could shed light on the confiscation and seizure of cryptocurrencies. He pointed out that the issue is not

但是，Gafurov承認，擬議的修正案對於解決與刑法中的加密貨幣有關的特定程序問題可能是必要的。例如，這些修正案可能會闡明沒收加密貨幣。他指出問題不是