The water-soluble PPGA is widely employed in industries as a cathodic corrosion inhibitor, effectively halting scale formation at substoichiometric level by intervening in one or more steps of the scale formation processes, such as aggregation, nucleation, crystal growth, and agglomeration33,34, 35,36。
suffers from zinc dendrite growth and parasitic HER during the charging process, both of which lead to low coulombic efficiency and poor cycling stability47,48,49. To evaluate the capability of PPGA for flow battery applications, we assembled a Zn|PZS|V2O5 flow battery with a flow rate of 20 mL min−1 and a capacity of 20 mAh. As shown in Fig. 6a, the flow battery exhibited a high initial CE of 96.5% at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh, which gradually increased to 99.5% after 20 cycles. In contrast, the flow battery with BZS as the catholyte experienced a low initial CE of 88.2% and quickly dropped to 70.2% after 20 cycles. The coulombic efficiency of the flow battery with PZS was maintained at a high level during the following 100 cycles at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh (Fig. 6b). The flow battery with BZS as the catholyte encountered a fast capacity decay and finally short-circuited after 50 cycles at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh (Fig. 6c). Notably, the flow battery with PZS as the catholyte exhibited a stable capacity of 18.5 mAh at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh for 200 cycles without any capacity loss or short circuit. The voltage efficiency of the flow battery with PZS as the catholyte was maintained at a high level during the 200 cycles at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh (Fig. 6d). Instead, the voltage efficiency of the flow battery with BZS as the catholyte quickly dropped to 60% after 50 cycles at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh. The flow battery with PZS as the catholyte exhibited a high energy efficiency of 96% at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh, which gradually increased to 99% after 20 cycles (Fig. 6e). In contrast, the flow battery with BZS as the catholyte showed a low initial energy efficiency of 84% and quickly dropped to 66% after 20 cycles. The energy efficiency of the flow battery with PZS was maintained at a high level during the following 100 cycles at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh (Fig. 6f). The flow battery with BZS as the catholyte encountered a fast energy efficiency decay and finally short-circuited after 50 cycles at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh (Fig. 6g). Notably, the flow battery with PZS as the catholyte exhibited a stable energy efficiency of 96% at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh for 200 cycles without any capacity loss or short circuit.
在充電過程中，鋅樹突的生長和寄生蟲遭受了寄生，這兩者都會導致庫侖效率低，自行車穩定性差為47,48,49。為了評估PPGA在流量電池應用中的能力，我們組裝了一個Zn | PZS | V2O5流量電池，流速為20 mL min -1，容量為20 mAh。如圖6A所示，流量電池在20 mA cm -2，20 mAh時表現出高初始CE，為96.5％，在20個週期後逐漸增加到99.5％。相比之下，帶有BZS的流量電池是天主教徒的初始CE低88.2％，並且在20個週期後迅速下降至70.2％。在隨後的100個循環中以20 mA cm -2，20 mAh（圖6B），將帶有PZ的流量電池的庫侖效率保持在高水平上。當天主解時，帶有BZ的流量電池遇到了快速衰減，最後在20 mA cm-2，20 mAh的50個循環後短路（圖6C）。值得注意的是，帶有PZS的流動電池在20 mA cm -2，20 mAh時表現出18.5 mAh的穩定容量，對於200個循環，沒有任何容量損失或短路。隨著天主解的高水平在200個循環中保持在20 mA cm -2，20 mAh（圖6D），帶有PZS的電池電池的電壓效率保持在高水平。取而代之的是，在20 mA cm -2，20 mAh的50個循環後，天主教徒迅速下降到60％，而流動電池的電壓效率迅速下降到60％。帶有PZS的流動電池作為天主教徒在20 mA cm -2，20 mAh時表現出96％的高能量效率，在20個週期後逐漸增加到99％（圖6E）。相比之下，帶有BZ的流量電池作為天主教徒的初始能源效率低84％，並且在20個週期後迅速下降至66％。在隨後的100個循環中以20 mA cm -2，20 mAh（圖6F），將帶有PZ的流量電池的能源效率保持在高水平上。隨著天主解會遇到快速能量效率的衰減，帶有BZ的流動電池在20 mA cm-2，20 mAh的50個週期後最終短路（圖6G）。值得注意的是，帶有PZS的流動電池在20 mA cm -2，20 mAh時表現出96％的穩定能量效率，對於200個循環，沒有任何容量損失或短路。
a Initial coulombic efficiency, b coulombic efficiency, c capacity, d voltage efficiency, e initial energy efficiency, f energy efficiency, and g capacity of Zn|PZS|V2O5 flow batteries at 20 mA cm−2, 20 mAh. All tests were performed at around 25 oC. The positive electrode mass loading is around 20 mg cm−2.output
初始的庫侖效率，B庫侖效率，C容量，D電壓效率，E初始能量效率，F能源效率和Zn | PZS | V2O5流量電池在20 mA cm -2，20 mAh處。所有測試均以大約25 oC進行。正電極質量負載約為20 mg cm。
