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如果您關注全球經濟中的重大事件,您可能會記得黎巴嫩最近的過去是現代已開發經濟體全面貨幣崩潰的生動例子。
Tony Yazbeck is co-founder of The Bitcoin Way and a bitcoin educator. He experienced firsthand the devastating effects of Lebanon’s economic collapse, which included hyperinflation, food shortages, and a complete loss of trust in the banking system. In this interview, Tony shares his story and explains how bitcoin could have been a lifeline for many Lebanese people during this crisis.
Tony Yazbeck 是 The Bitcoin Way 的共同創辦人,也是一位比特幣教育家。他親身經歷了黎巴嫩經濟崩潰的破壞性影響,包括惡性通貨膨脹、糧食短缺以及對銀行體系完全失去信任。在這次採訪中,托尼分享了他的故事,並解釋了比特幣如何在這場危機中成為許多黎巴嫩人民的生命線。
Before the economic collapse, Lebanon was a vibrant and prosperous country, often called the “Paris of the Middle East.” Its economy thrived on banking, tourism, and services, and it was positioned as a bridge between East and West. For Tony, this prosperity wasn’t an illusion — it was his daily life.
在經濟崩潰之前,黎巴嫩是一個充滿活力和繁榮的國家,通常被稱為「中東巴黎」。它的經濟依靠銀行業、旅遊業和服務業蓬勃發展,並被定位為東西方之間的橋樑。對東尼來說,這種繁榮並不是幻覺——這就是他的日常生活。
“My life in Lebanon was extraordinary,” he recalls. “I ran three thriving businesses and lived a luxurious lifestyle. Whether it was the latest cars, the best restaurants, or the hottest clubs, Beirut had it all. I was living the high life and making a lot of money.”
「我在黎巴嫩的生活非同尋常,」他回憶道。 「我經營著三項蓬勃發展的生意,過著奢華的生活方式。無論是最新的汽車、最好的餐廳還是最熱門的俱樂部,貝魯特一應俱全。我過著奢侈的生活,賺了很多錢。
Yet beneath the surface, cracks were forming. Lebanon’s banking sector, once a source of pride, was built on unsustainable practices, and the country was drowning in debt. For years, Lebanon’s central bank had pegged the Lebanese pound to the U.S. dollar at an artificially high rate, creating a false sense of stability.
然而在表面之下,裂縫正在形成。黎巴嫩的銀行業曾經令人自豪,但現在卻建立在不可持續的做法之上,該國正深陷債務之中。多年來,黎巴嫩央行一直以人為的高匯率將黎巴嫩鎊與美元掛鉤,造成了一種虛假的穩定感。
This currency peg required constant inflows of dollars to maintain. When those inflows dried up, the house of cards collapsed.
這種釘住匯率制度需要美元持續流入才能維持。當這些資金流入枯竭時,紙牌屋就倒塌了。
In 2019, Lebanon’s banks began restricting access to savings, imposing informal capital controls without any legal framework.
2019年,黎巴嫩銀行開始限制儲蓄管道,在沒有任何法律架構的情況下實施非正式資本管制。
“Overnight, people lost access to their funds,” Tony says. “You couldn’t withdraw your own money, and even if you could, it was in Lebanese pounds that were rapidly losing value. I remember going to the bank to withdraw money for my rent, and they told me I couldn’t have it. It was a surreal and terrifying moment.”
「一夜之間,人們失去了資金來源,」托尼說。 「你無法提取自己的錢,即使可以,黎巴嫩鎊也正在迅速貶值。我記得去銀行領錢付房租,他們告訴我拿不到。這是一個超現實且可怕的時刻。
For those unfamiliar with a currency crisis, the limitation of bank withdrawals is one of the first signs that the system is failing. The government and banks try to delay the inevitable by locking down money in the system. By then, it’s too late.
對於那些不熟悉貨幣危機的人來說,銀行提款的限制是該系統失敗的首要跡象之一。政府和銀行試圖透過鎖定係統中的資金來推遲不可避免的事情。到那時,就太晚了。
In early 2020, Lebanon defaulted on its foreign debt, and the value of the Lebanese pound plummeted. Hyperinflation set in, destroying the purchasing power of ordinary people.
2020年初,黎巴嫩外債違約,黎巴嫩鎊大幅貶值。惡性通貨膨脹開始摧毀一般民眾的購買力。
Tony watched helplessly as his savings evaporated and his businesses crumbled. “I went from being a successful entrepreneur to having just $70 to my name in what felt like the blink of an eye,” he recalls. “I couldn’t pay rent, school fees, or even afford basic groceries. I had to rely on friends and family for help just to survive.”
東尼無助地看著自己的積蓄蒸發、生意崩潰。 「眨眼之間,我就從一名成功的企業家變成了名下只有 70 美元的人,」他回憶道。 「我付不起房租、學費,甚至買不起基本的雜貨。我必須依靠朋友和家人的幫助才能生存。
Hyperinflation took hold with shocking speed. “A loaf of bread that once cost 1,500 LBP shot up to over 30,000 LBP within months,” Tony explains. “Fuel prices were even worse. In early 2023, a gallon of gas went from 25,000 LBP to over 500,000 LBP in just a few weeks. It was impossible to keep up with the prices.”
惡性通貨膨脹以驚人的速度發生。 「一條麵包的售價一度為 1,500 磅,幾個月內飆升至 30,000 磅,」托尼解釋道。 “燃油價格更糟。 2023 年初,一加侖汽油在短短幾週內從 25,000 LBP 升至超過 500,000 LBP。跟不上價格是不可能的。
The destruction wasn’t limited to material wealth; the psychological toll was immense. Tony describes the anxiety and panic that came with watching his hard-earned success disappear.
破壞不僅限於物質財富;也包括物質財富。心理上的損失是巨大的。托尼描述了看著自己來之不易的成功消失所帶來的焦慮和恐慌。
“For the first time in my life, I didn’t know what to do,” he says. “I felt completely helpless, like I was drowning in a sea of problems with no way out. I couldn’t sleep at night, and I was constantly worried about how I was going to provide for my family and myself.”
「我有生以來第一次不知道該做什麼,」他說。 「我感到完全無助,就像淹沒在問題的海洋中,無路可走。我晚上無法入睡,一直擔心如何養活家人和自己。
As Lebanon’s currency collapsed, so did its social fabric. People who once lived comfortable, middle-class lives suddenly found themselves struggling for survival. Basic goods became scarce, and the price of everyday items skyrocketed.
隨著黎巴嫩貨幣崩潰,其社會結構也崩潰了。曾經過著舒適的中產階級生活的人們突然發現自己在為生存而掙扎。基本商品變得稀缺,日常用品的價格飛漲。
Power dynamics within communities shifted as those who controlled essentials like food and fuel gained disproportionate influence. “There were reports of gangs taking over neighborhoods, controlling access to goods and demanding protection fees,” Tony recalls.
隨著那些控制食物和燃料等必需品的人獲得了不成比例的影響力,社區內的權力動態發生了變化。 「有報道稱,幫派佔領了社區,控制貨物的獲取,並要求保護費,」托尼回憶道。
Even electricity became a luxury. With the national grid in shambles, most people had to rely on private generators, but the cost of running them was astronomical. “Monthly generator fees jumped from 200,000 LBP to over 4,000,000 LBP,” Tony explains. Many families were forced to live without power for long stretches of time.
甚至連電都成了奢侈品。由於國家電網陷入混亂,大多數人不得不依賴私人發電機,但運行它們的成本卻是天文數字。 「每月發電費從 200,000 LBP 躍升至超過 4,000,000 LBP,」托尼解釋道。許多家庭被迫長期斷電。
In response to the crisis, people turned to alternative forms of exchange. Bartering became common, with people trading goods and services directly. “If you couldn’t pay in cash, you might offer plumbing work in exchange for groceries,” Tony says.
為了應對危機,人們轉向其他形式的交換。物物交換變得普遍,人們直接交易商品和服務。 「如果你不能用現金支付,你可以提供管道工程來換取食品雜貨,」托尼說。
The U.S. dollar, already widely used before the collapse, became the default currency for many transactions. Digital currencies, and especially stable coins like Tether (USDT), also gained traction as people
美元在崩潰之前就已經廣泛使用,成為許多交易的預設貨幣。數位貨幣,尤其是像 Tether (USDT) 這樣的穩定幣,也隨著人們的關注而受到關注。
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