尼日利亚的银行系统结构扼杀了储蓄，创造财富和经济增长

这项研究由尼日利亚银行董事协会（BDAN）的Mustafa Chike Obi和Adetilewa Adebajo合着

A new report has highlighted how the structure of Nigeria’s banking system is stifling savings, wealth creation, and economic growth, particularly for low-income individuals and small businesses.

一份新报告强调了尼日利亚银行体系的结构如何扼杀储蓄，创造财富和经济增长，特别是对于低收入个人和小型企业而言。

The study, co-authored by Mustafa Chike Obi, Chairman of the Bank Directors Association of Nigeria (BDAN), and Adetilewa Adebajo, CEO of CFG Advisory, points to high banking fees, excessive interest rate spreads, and restrictive monetary policies as key factors discouraging financial inclusion and investment.

这项研究由尼日利亚银行董事协会（BDAN）主席Mustafa Chike Obi和CFG咨询首席执行官Adetilewa Adebajo合着，指出了高银行费用，过高的利率价差和限制性货币政策作为关键因素阻止金融包容性和投资。

Over the past few years (2023–2025), interest rate spreads in Nigeria have surged from 6 percent to 19 percent, making it harder for businesses and individuals to access affordable credit.

在过去的几年（2023-2025）中，尼日利亚的利率利差从6％飙升至19％，使企业和个人更难获得负担得起的信贷。

Financial experts explained that saving and investment are two sides of the same coin—when savings decline, investment also declines, negatively impacting economic growth.

金融专家解释说，储蓄和投资是同一枚硬币的两个方面 - 储蓄下降时，投资也下降，对经济增长产生负面影响。

The report highlighted how high lending rates discourage borrowing for productive investments, thereby hindering wealth creation and stifling economic expansion. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and individuals face challenges in securing credit at affordable rates, limiting their ability to grow their businesses, create jobs, and contribute to the economy.

该报告强调了高贷款利率如何阻止借贷用于生产投资，从而阻碍了创造财富的创造和扼杀经济扩张。中小型企业（中小型企业）和个人在以可承受的利率确保信贷，限制其发展业务，创造就业机会并为经济贡献的能力方面面临挑战。

The report pointed to how the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) high Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) of 50 percent, along with the AMCON levy, Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) premiums, and upcoming windfall taxes, have forced banks to increase interest rates on loans.

该报告指出，尼日利亚中央银行（CBN）高现金储备比率（CRR）如何以及AMCON LEVY，NIGERIA LEVY，尼日利亚存款保险公司（NDIC）保费以及即将到来的财产税，迫使银行增加了利息贷款费率。

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Since banks must hold 50 percent of their deposits with the CBN without earning interest, they compensate for this lost revenue by charging higher lending rates and offering low deposit rates.

由于银行必须在CBN的情况下持有50％的存款，而不会收入利息，因此他们通过收取更高的贷款利率并提供低存款利率来弥补这一损失的收入。

The CBN’s monetary policy stance, including high benchmark rates like the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR), significantly influences interest rate spreads. The higher the MPR, the more banks raise lending rates, widening the spread between loan and deposit interest rates.

CBN的货币政策立场，包括诸如货币政策利率（MPR）之类的高基准利率，会显着影响利率利率。 MPR越高，银行提高贷款利率的越多，扩大了贷款和存款利率之间的利差。

It further highlighted that Nigeria’s banking system also faces high levels of non-performing loans (NPLs), making banks more cautious when lending.

它进一步强调，尼日利亚的银行系统还面临着高水平的不良贷款（NPL），这使得银行在贷款时更加谨慎。

To mitigate default risks, banks impose higher interest rates, further discouraging borrowing and economic expansion.

为了减轻违约风险，银行施加了更高的利率，进一步阻止借贷和经济扩张。

“Unlike their counterparts in advanced economies, Nigerian banks lack access to affordable capital, forcing them to rely on high-cost deposits or expensive interbank borrowing. This results in higher interest rates on loans, reducing affordability for businesses and individuals, “ it stated.

“与发达经济体中的同行不同，尼日利亚银行无法获得负担得起的资本，迫使他们依靠高成本存款或昂贵的银行间借贷。这会导致贷款利率更高，从而降低了企业和个人的负担能力。

The report found that Nigeria’s widening interest rate spreads have contributed to: Lower GDP Growth as high lending rates suppress economic activity, leading to lower investment and production levels.

该报告发现，尼日利亚的利率差异越来越大，降低了GDP的增长，因为高贷款利率抑制了经济活动，从而导致投资和生产水平降低。

It also leads to a reduced savings culture as low deposit rates make saving less attractive, decreasing the amount of capital available for investment.

由于低存款利率使储蓄的吸引力降低，从而减少了可用于投资的资本数量，因此这也导致了储蓄文化的减少。

It promotes Income Inequality and Poverty because limited access to affordable credit widens the gap between the rich and the poor, particularly in rural areas.

它促进了收入不平等和贫困，因为获得负担得起的信贷的机会有限会扩大富人与穷人之间的差距，尤其是在农村地区。

High borrowing costs according to the report, make it difficult for manufacturers to expand, leading to lower productivity and slower economic growth.

根据该报告，高借贷成本使制造商难以扩大，从而降低了生产率和降低的经济增长。

Another area according to some analysts, where the structure of the banking system is discouraging savings is the Standing Lending Facility (SLF).

根据一些分析师的说法，银行系统的结构正在阻止储蓄，这是站立贷款设施（SLF）。

As of August 26, 2024, the SLF rate from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is 31.75 percent. This rate is used by banks to borrow short-term funds from the CBN, whereas the same CBN pays 26.50 percent to banks that deposit excess funds with it.

截至2024年8月26日，尼日利亚中央银行（CBN）的SLF率为31.75％。银行使用此费率从CBN借入短期资金，而同一CBN向与其存入多余资金的银行支付了26.50％。

In a bid to streamline its monetary policy operations, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) introduced a single-tier remuneration structure for its Standing Deposit Facility (SDF).

为了简化其货币政策业务，尼日利亚中央银行（CBN）为其常设存款设施（SDF）引入了单层薪酬结构。

This means all deposits under the SDF will now earn interest at the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) minus 100 basis points. With the current MPR set at 27.50 percent, this translates to a fixed SDF rate of 26.50 percent.

这意味着SDF下的所有存款现在都将以货币政策利率（MPR）减去100个基点赚取利息。由于当前的MPR设置为27.50％，这意味着固定的SDF速率为26.50％。

Stakeholders also frown at the practice whereby the CBN mandates banks to set aside 50 percent of their deposits as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), yet, banks had paid interest on such deposits but cannot use them.

利益相关者还对CBN要求银行将其存款的50％作为现金储备比率（CRR）抛弃，但是，银行已经支付了此类存款的利息，但不能使用它们。

CRR is a fraction of total deposits that banks must keep with the central bank. This is unremunerated, meaning that regardless of whether the banks got the deposits from their customers at a cost, the CBN does not pay the banks interest on such sterilized funds.

CRR是银行必须与中央银行保持的总存款的一小部分。这是不愉快的，这意味着无论银行是否以一定的代价从客户那里获得存款，CBN都不会支付此类消毒资金的银行利息。

Essentially, a very high CRR radically reduces the loanable funds in the system, thereby reducing the amount of money available to chase a limited supply of foreign exchange and other products and services.

从本质上讲，非常高的CRR从根本上减少了系统中的可贷资金，从而减少了可用的资金来追捕有限的外汇以及其他产品和服务。

To address these issues, the report recommends a mix of regulatory, structural, and market-based reforms.

为了解决这些问题，该报告建议将监管，结构性和基于市场的改革结合在一起。

It noted that the CBN should reduce the CRR from 50% percent to 20–25 percent to increase the amount of money banks can lend.

它指出，CBN应将CRR从50％降低到20-25％，以增加银行可以借贷的货币数量。

This would stimulate business expansion, job creation, and GDP growth.

这将刺激业务扩展，创造就业机会和GDP增长。

The CBN should also lower the MPR in a way that does not fuel inflation. A more balanced approach

CBN还应以不加油通货膨胀的方式降低MPR。一种更平衡的方法