保加利亚中世纪堡垒出土的金币显示了其人民的财富

考古学家称，在保加利亚一座中世纪堡垒遗址出土的一枚金币表明了奥斯曼土耳其统治初期居住在那里的人们的财富。

A gold coin found at the site of a medieval fortress in Bulgaria suggests the people who lived there were wealthier than previously thought during the early years of Ottoman Turkish rule, according to archaeologists.

考古学家称，在保加利亚一座中世纪堡垒遗址发现的一枚金币表明，在奥斯曼土耳其统治初期，居住在那里的人们比之前想象的要富裕。

A team from the Rousse Regional Museum of History found the coin earlier this year during excavations at the village of Cherven, near the Danube river and Bulgaria's northern border with Romania. It appears to be from the Byzantine Empire, and other coins like it are sometimes attributed to John III Doukas Vatatzes, who was the emperor of Nicaea — a Byzantine successor state — from 1222 until 1254.

鲁塞地区历史博物馆的一个团队今年早些时候在多瑙河和保加利亚与罗马尼亚北部边境附近的切尔文村进行挖掘时发现了这枚硬币。它似乎来自拜占庭帝国，其他类似硬币有时被认为是约翰三世·杜卡斯·瓦塔兹 (John III Doukas Vatatzes) 的作品，他是 1222 年至 1254 年间尼西亚（拜占庭继承国）的皇帝。

The coin shows two figures on one side, one of whom is dressed in the distinctive robes of a Byzantine emperor.

硬币的一侧有两个人物，其中一个穿着拜占庭皇帝独特的长袍。

But Svetlana Velikova, an archaeologist at the museum who is leading the excavations, told Live Science that such coins were also minted by the Latin Empire, a state founded by a Crusader army that sacked and occupied the imperial city of Constantinople — now Istanbul — in 1204.

但负责发掘工作的博物馆考古学家斯韦特兰娜·维利科娃 (Svetlana Velikova) 告诉《生活科学》，这些硬币也是由拉丁帝国铸造的，拉丁帝国是由十字军建立的国家，十字军于 2007 年洗劫并占领了皇城君士坦丁堡（现在的伊斯坦布尔）。 1204.

Velikova said that recent studies had suggested that, rather than disrupting the known coinage, the Latin Empire's rulers chose to mint imitations of Byzantine coins, until Constantinople was reconquered in 1261. The 13th-century-styled coin was also much lighter than it should have been — about three-quarters its original weight — which indicated it had been resized in accordance with 14th-century standards for the region's gold coins, she said.

维利科娃表示，最近的研究表明，拉丁帝国的统治者并没有破坏已知的硬币，而是选择铸造拜占庭硬币的仿制品，直到 1261 年君士坦丁堡被重新征服为止。这种 13 世纪风格的硬币也比应有的重量轻得多。她说，重量约为原来的四分之三，这表明它已根据 14 世纪该地区金币的标准调整了尺寸。

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These details, along with its location, suggest the coin may date to the first years after Cherven was conquered by the Ottomans in 1388, Velikova said.

维利科娃说，这些细节及其位置表明，这枚硬币可能可以追溯到 1388 年切尔文被奥斯曼帝国征服后的头几年。

Fortress wall

堡垒墙

Archaeologists have excavated around Cherven for more than a century, Velikova said. Ruins near the village show it was an important town during the Second Bulgarian Empire, which ruled from 1185 until the empire was completely conquered by the Ottomans in 1396.

维利科娃说，考古学家在切尔文周围进行了一个多世纪的挖掘。村庄附近的废墟显示，它是保加利亚第二帝国时期的一个重要城镇，该帝国从 1185 年开始统治，直到 1396 年被奥斯曼帝国完全征服。

Three other gold coins of the same type were found nearby in 1975, Velikova said, so it seems that local rulers had sometimes permitted the use of foreign coins, perhaps to make up for their own lack of gold.

维利科娃说，1975 年在附近发现了另外三枚相同类型的金币，因此当地统治者有时允许使用外国硬币，也许是为了弥补自己缺乏黄金。

The latest gold coin and other artifacts — including arrowheads, jewelry and pottery fragments — were found during excavations along what had been a defensive wall on the western side of a medieval fortress at Cherven, she said.

她说，最新的金币和其他文物——包括箭头、珠宝和陶器碎片——是在切尔文中世纪堡垒西侧的防御墙挖掘过程中发现的。

Until now, archaeologists thought the people who lived in the western part of the town were generally poor. But the new finds suggest that at least some were wealthy, Velikova said.

到目前为止，考古学家认为居住在该镇西部的人们普遍都很贫穷。但维利科娃说，新发现表明至少有些人很富有。

Medieval empire

中世纪帝国

—Rare 14th-century gold 'leopard' coin could sell for 140,000 British pounds

——稀有的 14 世纪“豹”金币售价 14 万英镑

—Buried treasure of 44 Byzantine gold coins found in nature reserve in Israel

——以色列自然保护区发现埋藏着 44 枚拜占庭金币的宝藏

—Gold coin stash from time of Henry VIII found in English garden

——在英国花园中发现的亨利八世时期的金币藏品

The Second Bulgarian Empire was a major power in the medieval Balkans and a rival of the Byzantine Empire.

保加利亚第二帝国是中世纪巴尔干地区的一个主要势力，也是拜占庭帝国的竞争对手。

But both the Bulgarians and the Byzantines were also threatened by the Ottoman Empire, which already occupied many former Byzantine territories in the East.

但保加利亚人和拜占庭人也受到奥斯曼帝国的威胁，奥斯曼帝国已经占领了东部许多前拜占庭领土。

Bulgaria remained an Ottoman territory for roughly 500 years after it was conquered in 1396; and the Ottomans went on to conquer Constantinople in 1453.

保加利亚自 1396 年被征服后，在大约 500 年内一直是奥斯曼帝国的领土； 1453 年，奥斯曼帝国继续征服君士坦丁堡。