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世界各地数百名活动人士利用比特币来抵抗审查,而不是进行投机交易。从尼日利亚到俄罗斯,全球各地的活动人士都将比特币视为推动民主抗议的工具,尽管面临金融压制。
Activism In The Age Of Bitcoin: How Crypto Is Fueling Pro-Democracy Protests
比特币时代的激进主义:加密货币如何助长民主抗议
Hundreds of activists around the world use bitcoin for its censorship resistance properties — rather than speculative trading. From Nigeria to Russia, activists across the globe see bitcoin as a tool for promoting pro-democracy protests despite financial repression.
世界各地数百名活动人士利用比特币来抵抗审查,而不是进行投机交易。从尼日利亚到俄罗斯,全球各地的活动人士都将比特币视为推动民主抗议的工具,尽管面临金融压制。
Financial repression and nonviolent resistance in a variety of dictatorships were a few of the topics of discussion at the Human Rights Foundation’s Global Bitcoin Summit on Thursday, October 3. Protests usually need money to function, and so seizing cash and freezing bank accounts is an effective way to neutralize citizens’ ability to fight back against dictators before they can become too organized. Often this financial repression is enough to force the end of the protests, due to the difficulty of organizing protests without any money, and organizers’ uncertainty about their survival without financial access.
10 月 3 日星期四,人权基金会全球比特币峰会讨论了各种独裁政权的金融镇压和非暴力抵抗。抗议活动通常需要资金才能发挥作用,因此扣押现金和冻结银行账户是一种有效的方法。在公民变得过于有组织之前,削弱他们反抗独裁者的能力。通常,这种金融镇压足以迫使抗议活动结束,因为在没有任何资金的情况下组织抗议活动很困难,而且组织者在没有资金的情况下生存也存在不确定性。
Bitcoin cannot be seized, because it is not a physical asset residing in space. It is a digital asset, residing at an address in the bitcoin blockchain. In order to use bitcoin, one need only have a 64-character private key to that address, or a 12-word (or 24-word) phrase associated with a wallet. Private keys are too long to memorize for most people, but a piece of paper on which a private key is written is much easier to hide than physical cash. Bitcoin also cannot be frozen, because there are no authorities on the Bitcoin network that have the power to block or stop transactions. Even if there is an address that a person wants to stop from transacting on the bitcoin network, there is nothing they can do about it.
比特币无法被扣押,因为它不是存在于太空中的实物资产。它是一种数字资产,位于比特币区块链中的某个地址。为了使用比特币,人们只需要拥有该地址的 64 个字符的私钥,或者与钱包相关的 12 个单词(或 24 个单词)的短语。对于大多数人来说,私钥太长而难以记住,但是一张写有私钥的纸比实物现金更容易隐藏。比特币也不能被冻结,因为比特币网络上没有有权阻止或停止交易的机构。即使有人想要阻止某个地址在比特币网络上进行交易,他们也无能为力。
These features of bitcoin are often fretted over by American authorities bemoaning their inability to prevent foreign adversaries from transacting using bitcoin, despite the American authorities’ best efforts to sanction them. But of course, a network that resists censorship by foreign authorities of necessity resists censorship by American authorities. This is a price we must be willing to pay for the sake of democratic activists worldwide. According to the Varieties of Democracy Institute at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, 5.7 billion people – 72% of the world’s population – live under authoritarian rule.
比特币的这些功能经常让美国当局感到担忧,尽管美国当局尽了最大努力制裁他们,但他们仍无力阻止外国对手使用比特币进行交易。但当然,一个抵制外国当局审查的网络必然会抵制美国当局的审查。这是我们为了全世界民主活动人士必须愿意付出的代价。根据瑞典哥德堡大学民主多样性研究所的数据,57 亿人(占世界人口的 72%)生活在独裁统治之下。
When financial repression fails, dictators turn to the second tactic – arrests, often followed by torture. One might think that using bitcoin makes it difficult to find those responsible through the protests – at least through their financial transactions. But this isn’t the case. Bitcoin transactions are recorded on the ledger, and the ledger is public. Anyone can download it, view it, and analyze it. And while the ledger doesn’t contain people’s identities or locations, it is subject to analysis and often yields identifying information. This, of course, can be disastrous for anti-authoritarian pro-democracy protesters and activists. The greater the resources of the dictatorship, the greater the risk of using bitcoin. It’s better than banks, to be sure, but it’s a risk nonetheless.
当金融镇压失败时,独裁者会转向第二种策略——逮捕,随后往往是酷刑。人们可能会认为,使用比特币很难找到那些对抗议活动负有责任的人——至少是通过他们的金融交易。但事实并非如此。比特币交易记录在账本上,并且账本是公开的。任何人都可以下载、查看并分析它。虽然分类账不包含人们的身份或位置,但它需要经过分析并且通常会产生识别信息。当然,这对于反独裁亲民主抗议者和活动人士来说可能是灾难性的。独裁政权的资源越多,使用比特币的风险就越大。当然,它比银行要好,但仍然存在风险。
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There are ways to make bitcoin transactions more private. One is CoinJoins. In a CoinJoin, users jointly construct transactions where their coins are combined and then sent out to various addresses. None of the destination addresses is connected to any of the originating addresses. Nobody knows who else is CoinJoining with them. Since it is an automatic protocol, no coordinating authority has custody of the bitcoin involved; each user retains control of their own coins throughout.
有多种方法可以使比特币交易更加私密。一是CoinJoins。在 CoinJoin 中,用户共同构建交易,将他们的代币组合起来,然后发送到各个地址。没有任何目标地址连接到任何起始地址。没有人知道还有谁在与他们一起 CoinJoining。由于它是一个自动协议,因此没有协调机构保管所涉及的比特币;每个用户始终保留对自己代币的控制权。
Because of CoinJoins, a person can send money to an activist or protestor without anyone knowing who sent it. A Russian national can send bitcoin to the Anti-Corruption Foundation through a CoinJoin without Putin’s government knowing – even if Putin’s government knows who the originating address belongs to and who the final destination address belongs to. Of course, in such cases, multiple rounds of CoinJoining is advisable.
由于 CoinJoins,一个人可以向活动家或抗议者汇款,而无需任何人知道是谁发送的。俄罗斯国民可以在普京政府不知情的情况下通过 CoinJoin 向反腐败基金会发送比特币 - 即使普京政府知道始发地址属于谁以及最终目的地地址属于谁。当然,在这种情况下,多轮CoinJoining是可取的。
Because of the censorship-resistance of bitcoin, it is a favorite tool of protestors. But it is not private enough to make them comfortable that they won’t be identified and arrested. So they turn to the privacy-preserving features of CoinJoins.
由于比特币的抗审查性,它是抗议者最喜欢的工具。但它的私密性还不足以让他们放心,不会被认出并被捕。因此,他们转向 CoinJoins 的隐私保护功能。
CoinJoins enable pro-democracy protesters fighting against dictators to use censorship-resistant money – bitcoin – more privately. People can hide their identities from those hunting them. This is something that should be encouraged and supported. But some governments – democratic governments, even – have taken a different view. They’ve said that CoinJoins violate anti-money-laundering rules. The U.S. government arrested the developers of a privacy-focused wallet called Samourai Wallet that used CoinJoins by default, charging them with having “facilitated more than $100 million in money laundering transactions from illegal dark web markets.”
CoinJoins 使反对独裁者的民主抗议者能够更私密地使用抗审查货币——比特币。人们可以向追捕他们的人隐藏自己的身份。这是应该鼓励和支持的事情。但一些政府——甚至是民主政府——却持不同观点。他们表示 CoinJoins 违反了反洗钱规则。美国政府逮捕了一款名为 Samourai Wallet 的注重隐私的钱包的开发者,该钱包默认使用 CoinJoins,指控他们“为来自非法暗网市场的超过 1 亿美元的洗钱交易提供了便利”。
But cybersecurity, AML, anti-terrorism laws are used by authoritarian goverments to target pro
但独裁政府利用网络安全、反洗钱、反恐法来针对专业人士
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