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世界各地數百名活動人士利用比特幣來抵抗審查,而不是進行投機交易。從奈及利亞到俄羅斯,全球各地的活動人士都將比特幣視為推動民主抗議的工具,儘管面臨金融壓制。
Activism In The Age Of Bitcoin: How Crypto Is Fueling Pro-Democracy Protests
比特幣時代的激進主義:加密貨幣如何助長民主抗議
Hundreds of activists around the world use bitcoin for its censorship resistance properties — rather than speculative trading. From Nigeria to Russia, activists across the globe see bitcoin as a tool for promoting pro-democracy protests despite financial repression.
世界各地數百名活動人士利用比特幣來抵抗審查,而不是進行投機交易。從奈及利亞到俄羅斯,全球各地的活動人士都將比特幣視為推動民主抗議的工具,儘管面臨金融壓制。
Financial repression and nonviolent resistance in a variety of dictatorships were a few of the topics of discussion at the Human Rights Foundation’s Global Bitcoin Summit on Thursday, October 3. Protests usually need money to function, and so seizing cash and freezing bank accounts is an effective way to neutralize citizens’ ability to fight back against dictators before they can become too organized. Often this financial repression is enough to force the end of the protests, due to the difficulty of organizing protests without any money, and organizers’ uncertainty about their survival without financial access.
10 月 3 日星期四,人權基金會全球比特幣峰會討論了各種獨裁政權的金融鎮壓和非暴力抵抗。在公民變得太有組織之前,削弱他們反抗獨裁者的能力。通常,這種金融鎮壓足以迫使抗議活動結束,因為在沒有任何資金的情況下組織抗議活動很困難,而且組織者在沒有資金的情況下生存也存在不確定性。
Bitcoin cannot be seized, because it is not a physical asset residing in space. It is a digital asset, residing at an address in the bitcoin blockchain. In order to use bitcoin, one need only have a 64-character private key to that address, or a 12-word (or 24-word) phrase associated with a wallet. Private keys are too long to memorize for most people, but a piece of paper on which a private key is written is much easier to hide than physical cash. Bitcoin also cannot be frozen, because there are no authorities on the Bitcoin network that have the power to block or stop transactions. Even if there is an address that a person wants to stop from transacting on the bitcoin network, there is nothing they can do about it.
比特幣無法被扣押,因為它不是存在於太空中的實體資產。它是一種數位資產,位於比特幣區塊鏈中的某個地址。為了使用比特幣,人們只需要擁有該地址的 64 個字元的私鑰,或與錢包相關的 12 個單字(或 24 個單字)的短語。對大多數人來說,私鑰太長而難以記住,但是一張寫有私鑰的紙比實體現金更容易隱藏。比特幣也不能被凍結,因為比特幣網路上沒有有權阻止或停止交易的機構。即使有人想要阻止某個地址在比特幣網路上進行交易,他們也無能為力。
These features of bitcoin are often fretted over by American authorities bemoaning their inability to prevent foreign adversaries from transacting using bitcoin, despite the American authorities’ best efforts to sanction them. But of course, a network that resists censorship by foreign authorities of necessity resists censorship by American authorities. This is a price we must be willing to pay for the sake of democratic activists worldwide. According to the Varieties of Democracy Institute at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, 5.7 billion people – 72% of the world’s population – live under authoritarian rule.
比特幣的這些特性常常讓美國當局感到擔憂,儘管美國當局盡了最大努力來制裁他們,但他們仍無力阻止外國對手使用比特幣進行交易。但當然,一個抵制外國當局審查的網路必然會抵制美國當局的審查。這是我們為了全世界民主活動人士必須願意付出的代價。根據瑞典哥德堡大學民主多元研究所的數據,57 億人(佔世界人口的 72%)生活在獨裁統治之下。
When financial repression fails, dictators turn to the second tactic – arrests, often followed by torture. One might think that using bitcoin makes it difficult to find those responsible through the protests – at least through their financial transactions. But this isn’t the case. Bitcoin transactions are recorded on the ledger, and the ledger is public. Anyone can download it, view it, and analyze it. And while the ledger doesn’t contain people’s identities or locations, it is subject to analysis and often yields identifying information. This, of course, can be disastrous for anti-authoritarian pro-democracy protesters and activists. The greater the resources of the dictatorship, the greater the risk of using bitcoin. It’s better than banks, to be sure, but it’s a risk nonetheless.
當金融鎮壓失敗時,獨裁者會轉向第二種策略──逮捕,隨後往往是酷刑。人們可能會認為,使用比特幣很難找到那些對抗議活動負有責任的人——至少是透過他們的金融交易。但事實並非如此。比特幣交易記錄在帳本上,並且帳本是公開的。任何人都可以下載、檢視並分析它。雖然分類帳不包含人們的身份或位置,但它需要經過分析並且通常會產生識別資訊。當然,這對反獨裁親民主抗議者和活動人士來說可能是災難性的。獨裁政權的資源越多,使用比特幣的風險就越大。當然,它比銀行要好,但仍然存在風險。
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There are ways to make bitcoin transactions more private. One is CoinJoins. In a CoinJoin, users jointly construct transactions where their coins are combined and then sent out to various addresses. None of the destination addresses is connected to any of the originating addresses. Nobody knows who else is CoinJoining with them. Since it is an automatic protocol, no coordinating authority has custody of the bitcoin involved; each user retains control of their own coins throughout.
有多種方法可以使比特幣交易更加私密。一是CoinJoins。在 CoinJoin 中,用戶共同建立交易,將他們的代幣組合起來,然後發送到各個地址。沒有任何目標位址連接到任何起始位址。沒有人知道還有誰在跟他們一起 CoinJoining。由於它是一個自動協議,因此沒有協調機構保管所涉及的比特幣;每個用戶始終保留對自己代幣的控制權。
Because of CoinJoins, a person can send money to an activist or protestor without anyone knowing who sent it. A Russian national can send bitcoin to the Anti-Corruption Foundation through a CoinJoin without Putin’s government knowing – even if Putin’s government knows who the originating address belongs to and who the final destination address belongs to. Of course, in such cases, multiple rounds of CoinJoining is advisable.
由於 CoinJoins,一個人可以向活動家或抗議者匯款,而無需任何人知道是誰發送的。俄羅斯國民可以在普丁政府不知情的情況下透過 CoinJoin 向反腐敗基金會發送比特幣 - 即使普丁政府知道始發地址屬於誰以及最終目的地地址屬於誰。當然,在這種情況下,多輪CoinJoining是可取的。
Because of the censorship-resistance of bitcoin, it is a favorite tool of protestors. But it is not private enough to make them comfortable that they won’t be identified and arrested. So they turn to the privacy-preserving features of CoinJoins.
由於比特幣的抗審查性,它是抗議者最喜歡的工具。但它的隱私性還不足以讓他們放心,不會被認出並被捕。因此,他們轉向 CoinJoins 的隱私保護功能。
CoinJoins enable pro-democracy protesters fighting against dictators to use censorship-resistant money – bitcoin – more privately. People can hide their identities from those hunting them. This is something that should be encouraged and supported. But some governments – democratic governments, even – have taken a different view. They’ve said that CoinJoins violate anti-money-laundering rules. The U.S. government arrested the developers of a privacy-focused wallet called Samourai Wallet that used CoinJoins by default, charging them with having “facilitated more than $100 million in money laundering transactions from illegal dark web markets.”
CoinJoins 讓反對獨裁者的民主抗議者能夠更私密地使用抗審查貨幣——比特幣。人們可以向追捕他們的人隱藏自己的身分。這是應該鼓勵和支持的事情。但有些政府——甚至是民主政府——卻持不同觀點。他們表示 CoinJoins 違反了反洗錢規則。美國政府逮捕了一款名為 Samourai Wallet 的注重隱私的錢包的開發者,該錢包默認使用 CoinJoins,指控他們「為來自非法暗網市場的超過 1 億美元的洗錢交易提供了便利」。
But cybersecurity, AML, anti-terrorism laws are used by authoritarian goverments to target pro
但獨裁政府利用網路安全、反洗錢、反恐法來針對專業人士
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