克什米爾的貨幣歷史

但是，克什米爾的貨幣歷史可以追溯到公元前6-4世紀（庫沙納時期）。

Coins provide a valuable window into the socio-economic fabric of any society. In Kashmir, the monetary history can be traced back to the 6th-4th century B.C. (Kushana period) with the arrival of Scythians, Greeks and Dhythians in the Valley.

硬幣為任何社會的社會經濟結構提供了一個寶貴的窗口。在克什米爾，貨幣歷史可以追溯到公元前6-4世紀（庫沙納時期），而Scythians，Greeks和dhherthians的到來。

Coins of Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Alexander II, Diodotus, Euthy demons, Menander, Apollodotus, Hippostratus, Lysis, Azes, Azelises and Sapalarsis have been found in Kashmir and are mentioned by Iqbal Ah. in his book on numismatics.

馬其頓菲利普的硬幣，亞歷山大大帝，亞歷山大二世，迪奧多德斯，e節魔鬼，梅納德，阿波羅多德，河馬，伊斯蘭教，裂解，azeliss，azelises，azelises和sapalarsis在克什米爾發現，並被伊克巴爾·艾希（Iqbal Ah）提到。在他關於錢幣學的書中。

The punch-marked silver and copper coins, known as pana in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature date back to the Kushana era and some of these coins which were sold at the SR Gunj area of Srinagar until recent years were scripted with Sharda and Devanagari languages. The mention of silver and gold coins is found in Kalhana’s Rajtaranghini.

拳頭標記的銀幣和銅硬幣，在古代梵文和帕利文學中被稱為pana，可以追溯到庫沙納時代，其中一些硬幣是在斯利那加的SR Gunj地區出售的，直到最近幾年都用Sharda和Devanagari語言進行了腳本。在Kalhana的Rajtaranghini中發現了有關銀和金幣的提及。

The standard type of coin in Kashmir has remained unchanged since first introduced by Kanishka in 78 C.E down to the Muslim rule in 1339 C.E (almost 1261 years).

自從卡尼什卡（Kanishka）在公元78年首次引入穆斯林統治時，克什米爾（K​​ashmir）的標準硬幣一直保持不變。

The oldest Muslim coin available in SPS Museum, Srinagar is that of Sultan Shah Mir (1339-42 C.E) while the oldest copper coin is that of Sultan Sikandar. The inscription on Shah Mir’s coin reads:

斯利那加（Srinagar）SPS博物館中最古老的穆斯林硬幣是蘇丹·沙·米爾（Sultan Shah Mir）（公元1339 - 42年），而最古老的銅幣是蘇丹·西坎達（Sultan Sikandar）。 Shah Mir的硬幣上的銘文寫著：

And in the central lozenge:

並在中央烤zenge中：

Sultan Sikandar’s coin has a similar inscription in the lozenge except for the other inscription that reads his name.

蘇丹·西坎達（Sultan Sikandar）的硬幣在燕元中也有類似的銘文，除了其他銘記他的名字的銘文。

According to Stanley Lane Poole, a British orientalist and archaeologist, half of the coins at the British museum from Kashmir Sultanate are silver coins. The copper issues are usually round with a diameter of 0.8 inches, a loop or a knot of arabesque design in the midst. The silver coins are square with a breadth of 0.6 inches.

據英國東方主義者和考古學家斯坦利·萊恩·普爾（Stanley Lane Poole）稱，克什米爾蘇丹國大英博物館的一半硬幣是銀幣。銅問題通常是圓形的，直徑為0.8英寸，中間的循環或一系列阿拉伯式設計。銀幣是正方形的，寬為0.6英寸。

Srinagar was the only mint town during the Hindu rule and the entire duration of Muslim rule. Saraf Mohalla in the Zaina Kadal area of Srinagar is believed to be the locality of the royal mint.

斯利那加（Srinagar）是印度教統治和整個穆斯林統治期間唯一的薄荷鎮。據信斯利那加的Zaina Kadal地區的Saraf Mohalla被認為是皇家造幣廠的所在地。

On some coins from Sultanate era, the dates are given in numbers and on others in words as well as numbers. While some of them have dates in Arabic on others these are inscribed in Persian.

在Sultanate時代的某些硬幣中，日期的數量和其他數字都在數字上和數字上給出。儘管其中一些人在阿拉伯語上有一些日期，而這些日期刻在波斯語中。

The design of Sultanate era coins is almost the same and there is very little variability with most of them having the same lozenge on the back namely, “Zarb-i-Kashmir.”

蘇丹國時代硬幣的設計幾乎是相同的，而且幾乎沒有變化，大多數人都在背面具有相同的lozenge，即“ Zarb-i-Kashmir。”

Na’ib-i-Khalifat-ur-Rahman appears on some of the coins from the Sultanate era, since the ruler looked upon himself as the lieutenant of the Caliph of the time. On some, Na’ib-Amir-ul-Mumineen is inscribed and on others, the regal title appears. On a few coins, honorary titles of Munir-ud-din and Nasir-ud-din have also been noticed.

na'ib-i-i-khalifat-ur-rahman出現在蘇丹國時代的一些硬幣上，因為統治者將自己視為當時哈里發的中尉。在某些方面，na'ib-amir-ul-umineen被銘刻，在其他方面，出現了富豪的標題。在一些硬幣上，也注意到了Munir-ud-din和Nasir-ud-din的名譽頭銜。

The weight of silver coins from the Sultanate era would be 91-96 grains (not grams) and that of copper coins would be 83 grains.

蘇丹國時代的銀幣的重量為91-96粒（不是克），銅硬幣的重量為83粒。

Golden Dinar of Fateh Shah.

金的？

The Muslim Sultans of Kashmir introduced to Kashmiri coinage the bar and nought symbol, the kalima in Arabic, the legend of Al Sultan Al Azam (the supreme emperor), and a reference to Kashmir as the mint house (Zarb-i, Kashmir).

克什米爾的穆斯林蘇爾塔人介紹了克什米爾造幣的酒吧和naught符號，阿拉伯語的卡利馬，阿爾·蘇丹·阿爾·阿扎姆（Al Sultan Al Azam）的傳奇（至高無上的皇帝），並將克什米爾作為薄荷之家（Zarb-i，Kashmir）提到。

The coins would change according to the economic conditions of the time. For instance, Sultan Hassan Shah re-issued the old puntshu (derived from puntsh meaning 25) in a debased form when the economy was in a depression.

硬幣會根據當時的經濟狀況而改變。例如，蘇丹·哈桑·沙阿（Sultan Hassan Shah）重新發行了舊的蓬肖（源自蓬特什（Puntsh）的含義25），以一種貶低的形式，當時經濟處於蕭條狀態。

Sultan Hassan Shah also gave currency to the new coin called ‘dvitinnari’, which was made of lead and had an inscription of a naga (snake).

蘇丹·哈桑·沙阿（Sultan Hassan Shah）還向新硬幣付出了名為“ dvitinnari”的貨幣，該硬幣是由鉛製成的，並用納迦（Snake）銘文。

Just like the Emperor of France, Napoleon, who intended to conquer England and had his medals struck in anticipation of his imaginary conquest of England, the Kashmir coins can be found in Kings of neighbouring areas even when they didn’t rule Kashmir or were far from conquering it.

就像法國皇帝一樣，拿破崙打算征服英格蘭，並在他想像中的英格蘭征服英格蘭的情況下獲得了獎牌，即使他們不統治克什米爾或遠離征服它，克什米爾硬幣也可以在鄰國國王的國王中找到。

A silver coin from the Kashmir Sultanate.

來自克什米爾蘇丹國的銀幣。

An example being the coins of Islam Shah Sur (1545-1552 C.E) who never ruled Kashmir. These coins probably are evidence of a conspiracy against Mirza Haider Dughlat, who was the ruler of Kashmir (1541-1551 C.E) at that time. Similarly, there are coins of Mughal’s struck in Kashmir as early as 1557 by those pitting against Chaks.

一個例子是從未統治克什米爾的伊斯蘭·沙爾（Islam Shah Sur）（公元1545- 1552年）的硬幣。這些硬幣可能是對米爾扎·海德·杜格拉特（Mirza Haider Dughlat）的陰謀的證據，他當時是克什米爾（1541-1551 CE）的統治者。同樣，早在1557年，那些對陣煙草的人就在克什米爾襲擊了莫臥兒的硬幣。

When the Mughals came to power, Akbar had fine currency in gold and silver. However the most artistic currency was issued by Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor. The sixth Mughal emperor Aurangzeb

當穆加爾人上台時，阿克巴（Akbar）的黃金和白銀貨幣良好。然而，最藝術的貨幣是由莫臥兒皇帝賈漢吉爾（Jahangir）發行的。第六莫臥兒皇帝奧蘭則布