揭开耶路撒冷挂毯的面纱：粘土令牌揭示了寺庙仪式和侨民关系

最近，在耶路撒冷正在进行的圣殿山筛分项目中，发现了一块有 2000 年历史、刻有希腊铭文的粘土令牌，这为了解耶路撒冷早期罗马和第二圣殿时期的习俗提供了新的线索。希腊铭文被解读为“Doulês”，暗示着与说希腊语的朝圣者的联系，强调了古代犹太世界多样化的语言和文化。该令牌上刻有酒壶，可能在每年朝圣节期间的宗教祭祀中发挥了关键作用。

Unearthing the Tapestry of Jerusalem's Past: A Clay Token Sheds Light on Temple Rituals and Diaspora Connections

发掘耶路撒冷过去的挂毯：粘土令牌揭示寺庙仪式和侨民联系

Deep beneath the layers of history that enshroud Jerusalem's Temple Mount, a remarkable artifact has emerged to illuminate a vibrant chapter in the city's sacred story. The discovery of a 2,000-year-old clay token, adorned with an intricate Greek inscription, has sparked a surge of excitement among archaeologists and historians alike. This unassuming object holds within its humble form a treasure trove of insights into the vibrant religious practices, cultural exchanges, and global connections that characterized the Second Temple period.

在耶路撒冷圣殿山的历史深处，一件非凡的文物已经出现，照亮了这座城市神圣故事中充满活力的篇章。一个有 2000 年历史的粘土令牌的发现，上面刻有复杂的希腊铭文，引起了考古学家和历史学家的兴奋。这个不起眼的物体以其简陋的形式蕴藏着对第二圣殿时期充满活力的宗教习俗、文化交流和全球联系的洞察的宝库。

A Window into Ancient Rituals

了解古代仪式的窗口

The small clay token, meticulously unearthed during the ongoing Temple Mount Sifting Project, bears witness to the bustling pilgrimage festivals that once transformed Jerusalem into a sacred metropolis. During Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot, countless Jewish pilgrims from far and wide converged upon the Temple, eager to offer their tributes to God. These tokens played a pivotal role in these rituals, serving as tangible tokens of their devotion and participation.

这个小粘土令牌是在正在进行的圣殿山筛分工程中精心出土的，见证了曾经将耶路撒冷变成神圣大都市的熙熙攘攘的朝圣节日。在逾越节、五旬节和住棚节期间，无数犹太朝圣者从四面八方聚集到圣殿，渴望向上帝致敬。这些代币在这些仪式中发挥着关键作用，是他们奉献和参与的有形象征。

According to archaeologist Zachi Dvira, these tokens were likely acquired by pilgrims in exchange for their offerings, offering a practical solution for those who found it impractical to transport specific items directly to the Temple. This system provided a seamless way for pilgrims to fulfill their religious obligations, as prescribed by the Jewish commandments and the Torah.

据考古学家扎奇·德维拉 (Zachi Dvira) 称，这些代币很可能是朝圣者用祭品换取的，这为那些认为将特定物品直接运送到圣殿不切实际的人提供了一个实用的解决方案。该系统为朝圣者履行犹太戒律和托拉规定的宗教义务提供了一种无缝的方式。

Connections to the Greek-Speaking World

与希腊语世界的联系

The Greek inscription on the token, deciphered by Dr. Leah Di Segni of Hebrew University, bears the genitive of a personal name, "Doulês," common among Jewish communities in Thrace, Macedonia, and the northern regions of the Black Sea. This discovery hints at the diverse linguistic and cultural tapestry that wove together the ancient Jewish world.

希伯来大学的 Leah Di Segni 博士破译了令牌上的希腊文铭文，其中包含个人名字的所有格“Doulês”，该名字在色雷斯、马其顿和黑海北部地区的犹太社区中很常见。这一发现暗示了将古代犹太世界编织在一起的多样化语言和文化。

The Greek language had become deeply intertwined with the lives of Jews during the Hellenistic period, particularly among those living in diaspora communities throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Greek-Hellenistic towns like Alexandria. The presence of a Greek inscription on the token suggests that the pilgrim who acquired it was likely conversant in Greek, reflecting the cosmopolitan nature of Jerusalem in the first century B.C.E.

在希腊化时期，希腊语言已经与犹太人的生活深深地交织在一起，特别是那些生活在地中海各地和亚历山大等希腊希腊化城镇的散居社区的犹太人。令牌上的希腊铭文表明，获得它的朝圣者可能精通希腊语，反映了公元前一世纪耶路撒冷的国际化性质。

A Distinctive Design

独特的设计

Unlike conventional clay sealings, known as bullae, this token exhibits a distinctive pinched back, indicating that it was designed for handling rather than for attachment to a document or container. This unique feature enhances its significance, providing valuable clues about its intended function and the prevailing customs of the period.

与传统的粘土密封（称为大泡）不同，该令牌具有独特的收缩背面，表明它是为搬运而设计的，而不是为了附着在文件或容器上。这一独特的特征增强了其重要性，为了解其预期功能和该时期的流行习俗提供了宝贵的线索。

Corroborating Evidence

确凿的证据

Further corroborating the significance of these tokens is a similar specimen discovered near the Temple Mount bearing an Aramaic inscription. This inscription, initially interpreted as expressing the notion of being "pure to God," correlates with Mishnaic texts that discuss offerings, specifically the wine libations poured at the Temple altar. These findings reinforce the connection between these tokens and the religious rituals practiced at the Temple.

在圣殿山附近发现的一个带有阿拉姆语铭文的类似标本进一步证实了这些标记的重要性。这段铭文最初被解释为表达“对上帝纯洁”的概念，与讨论祭品的密西拿文本相关，特别是在圣殿祭坛上倒酒的祭品。这些发现加强了这些标记与寺庙举行的宗教仪式之间的联系。

Unraveling Jerusalem's Rich Heritage

揭开耶路撒冷丰富的遗产的面纱

The Temple Mount Sifting Project, a monumental undertaking led by archaeologists Gabriel Barkay and Zachi Dvira since 2004, has unearthed a vast array of artifacts that illuminate the multifaceted history of Jerusalem. Through the meticulous sifting of soil and debris forcibly removed from the Mount's vicinity, the project has preserved and documented countless fragments of the city's past.

圣殿山筛选项目是考古学家加布里埃尔·巴尔凯 (Gabriel Barkay) 和扎奇·德维拉 (Zachi Dvira) 自 2004 年以来领导的一项重大工程，出土了大量文物，揭示了耶路撒冷多方面的历史。通过对从山附近强行清除的土壤和碎片进行细致的筛选，该项目保存并记录了这座城市过去的无数碎片。

Ongoing Preservation Efforts

持续的保护工作

The preservation of Jerusalem's rich heritage depends on the continued support of the Temple Mount Sifting Project. The illicit removal of soil and debris from the Mount by the Muslim Waqf has caused irreparable harm to this World Heritage site. The sifting project remains a crucial effort to safeguard the Mount's history and preserve its treasures for generations to come.

耶路撒冷丰富遗产的保护取决于圣殿山筛选项目的持续支持。穆斯林宗教机构非法清除山上的土壤和碎片，对这个世界遗产造成了无法弥补的损害。这项筛选项目仍然是保护这座山的历史并为子孙后代保存其宝藏的一项重要工作。

Expanding Our Understanding

扩大我们的理解

The discovery of the clay token and ongoing research conducted by Dr. Yoav Farhi and others shed new light on the history of Jerusalem and the Second Temple period. These artifacts offer a glimpse into the intricate rituals, cultural connections, and diverse beliefs that shaped the ancient city.

粘土令牌的发现以及 Yoav Farhi 博士和其他人正在进行的研究为耶路撒冷和第二圣殿时期的历史提供了新的线索。这些文物让我们得以一睹塑造这座古城的复杂仪式、文化联系和多样化信仰。

As scholars delve deeper into these discoveries, the narrative of Jerusalem's past continues to evolve, offering fresh insights into the human experiences, religious practices, and global connections that have left an enduring mark on the city's soul.

随着学者们对这些发现的深入研究，耶路撒冷过去的叙述不断演变，为人类经历、宗教习俗和全球联系提供了新的见解，这些在这座城市的灵魂上留下了持久的印记。