唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）总统已通过紧急制裁法将新的贸易法领域推进了新的贸易法领土，以证明对加拿大和墨西哥进口的25％关税是合理的，而中国商品的额外关税额则是遏制芬太尼和非法移民进入美国的关税。

贸易和法律专家表示，1977年《国际紧急经济大国法》（IEPA）未经测试，以征收进口关税，特朗普的行动可能会

U.S. President Donald Trump has invoked an emergency sanctions law to justify punishing 25% tariffs on Canadian and Mexican imports and an extra 10% duty on Chinese goods to curb fentanyl and illegal immigration into the U.S.

美国总统唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）援引了一项紧急制裁法律，以证明对加拿大和墨西哥进口的25％关税是合理的

Trump, in his second week of his second term in the White House, declared a national emergency under the 1977 International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) on Saturday, citing the “extraordinary threat” from fentanyl and illegal immigration.

特朗普在他在白宫第二个任期的第二周中宣布，根据1977年《国际紧急经济大国法》（IEEPA）的全国紧急情况，理由是芬太尼和非法移民的“非凡威胁”。

The law gives the president broad powers to impose economic and financial sanctions in times of crisis, including against Russia over its war in Ukraine.

该法律赋予了总统在危机时期实施经济和金融制裁的广泛权力，包括在乌克兰战争中针对俄罗斯的战争。

Trump used IEEPA to impose the tariffs, as trade laws he used in his first four years for duties on steel, aluminum and Chinese goods would have required months-long investigations and public consultations.

特朗普利用IEEPA征收关税，因为他在头四年对钢铁，铝和中国商品的职责中使用的贸易法将需要长达数月的调查和公众咨询。

“The courts have historically upheld the president’s power to take emergency actions, especially when they are related to national security,” said Tim Brightbill, who co-chairs the international trade practice at the law firm Wiley Rein.

蒂姆·布莱特比尔（Tim Brightbill）说：“从历史上看，法院历史上维持了总统采取紧急行动的权力，尤其是在与国家安全有关的情况下。”

“The question is, does that include tariffs, since IEEPA has only been used for sanctions,” Brightbill said. He added that companies or industry groups would be likely to seek an injunction but may face an uphill battle blocking the tariffs.

Brightbill说：“问题是，这包括关税，因为Ieepa仅用于制裁。”他补充说，公司或行业团体可能会寻求禁令，但可能会面临艰苦的战斗，以阻止关税。

“Judges are not likely to second guess a president on what constitutes an emergency,” said William Reinsch, a trade expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, adding that the “emergency is whatever he says it is.”

华盛顿战略与国际研究中心的贸易专家威廉·雷因施（William Reinsch）说：“法官不太可能对总统的构成紧急情况进行猜测。”

The closest parallel to Trump’s action was the late president Richard Nixon’s use of IEEPA’s predecessor law, the 1917 Trading With the Enemy Act, to impose a 10% across-the-board U.S. tariff in 1971 to stem rising imports amid a balance-of-payments crisis after pulling the dollar off the gold standard.

与特朗普的行动最接近的是已故总统理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）对Ieepa的前身法律的使用，即1917年与《敌人法》（Enement Act）进行的交易，在1971年征收10％的美国全面美国关税，以阻止进口的进口量。付款危机从黄金标准中撤出。

Courts upheld Nixon’s action, but Jennifer Hillman, a trade law professor at Georgetown University and former World Trade Organization appellate judge, said Trump’s action may not fit the emergency.

法院维持尼克松的行动，但乔治敦大学贸易法学教授詹妮弗·希尔曼（Jennifer Hillman），前世界贸易组织上诉法官表示，特朗普的行动可能不符合紧急情况。

The Nixon ruling and reporting requirement language in the IEEPA statute suggest that there needs to be a causal connection between the emergency – fentanyl and migrants – and the remedy: universal tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China.

IEPA法规中的尼克松裁决和报告要求语言表明，紧急情况 - 芬太尼和移民之间需要有因果关系，以及补救措施：加拿大，墨西哥和中国的普遍关税。

“At least for me, I don’t think there is such a connection in this case,” Hillman said. “The tariffs would not be applied only to fentanyl, so there is not a clear reason why tariffs on all goods are ‘necessary’ to deal with a problem of fentanyl or migrants.”

希尔曼说：“至少对我来说，我认为在这种情况下没有这种联系。” “关税不会仅适用于芬太尼，因此没有明确的理由为什么对所有商品的关税均'必要'来处理芬太尼或移民问题。”

Nixon’s use had a much clearer connection between the level of imports and the value of the dollar, she added.

她补充说，尼克松的使用之间的使用水平和美元价值之间的联系更加清晰。

Trump threatened to use IEEPA in 2019 to back 5% tariffs on Mexican goods over border migration issues, but never declared an emergency after Mexico agreed to step up border security.

特朗普威胁要在2019年使用IEEPA来支持墨西哥商品对边境移民问题的关税，但在墨西哥同意加强边境安全后从未宣布紧急情况。

Trump also invoked the National Emergencies Act to use federal funds to pay for construction of a wall on the southern border in his first term.

特朗普还援引《国家紧急法案》在他的第一任期内使用联邦资金来支付南部边界上一堵墙的费用。

If courts allow the use of IEEPA for tariffs to stand, Congress should reform IEEPA to require greater oversight, said Peter Harrell, a national security lawyer and senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security.

国家安全律师兼新美国安全中心的高级研究员彼得·哈雷尔（Peter Harrell）表示，如果法院允许使用IEPA来征收关税，国会应改革IEPA，需要进行更大的监督。

“At the very least, however, courts should find that allowing Trump to wave his magic Sharpie to sign an IEEPA executive order imposing tariffs would upset the balance Congress has long sought to strike when it delegates its tariff authority to the president,” he said in a note, opens new tab on Friday.

他说：“但是，至少，法院应该发现，允许特朗普挥舞他的魔法沙皮人签署一项IEPEA行政命令，征收关税将使国会长期以来一直试图在将关税授权授权给总统时罢工。”在注释中，周五打开新标签。

U.S. Senator Tim Kaine, a Democrat, last month introduced legislation, opens new tab to restrict IEEPA’s use for tariffs, arguing it was never designed or intended for such tariffs.

民主党参议员蒂姆·凯恩（Tim Kaine）上个月提出了立法，并打开了新标签，以限制Ieepa用于关税的使用，并认为它从来没有为这种关税而设计或打算。

“Virginians want lower prices, not higher ones and the last thing we need are new, senseless taxes on imports from America’s three largest trading partners,” Kaine said on Saturday.

凯恩（Kaine）周六说：“弗吉尼亚人想要较低的价格，而不是更高的价格，我们需要的最后一件事是对美国三个最大贸易伙伴进口的新税收税。”