欧盟的加密货币打击引发隐私担忧：禁止匿名账户

欧盟已实施禁止匿名加密​​货币账户的法规，以打击洗钱和恐怖主义融资。这一决定源于人们担心匿名账户会促进无法追踪的交易，从而给金融系统带来风险。该法律主要针对增强隐私的加密货币和旨在隐藏交易的匿名账户，例如门罗币。然而，这些账户提供的匿名保护引起了人们对隐私权和审查潜力的担忧，引发了围绕财务安全和个人自由之间平衡的批评和辩论。

EU Restricts Anonymous Crypto Transactions, Raising Concerns about Privacy and Regulatory Overreach

欧盟限制匿名加密货币交易，引发对隐私和监管越权的担忧

In a sweeping move aimed at combating money laundering and terrorist financing, the European Union (EU) has enacted legislation outlawing anonymous crypto accounts and privacy-enhancing cryptocurrencies. This landmark decision has sent shockwaves through the cryptocurrency community, sparking heated debates about the balance between financial security and individual privacy.

为了打击洗钱和恐怖主义融资，欧盟 (EU) 颁布了立法，禁止匿名加密​​账户和增强隐私的加密货币。这一具有里程碑意义的决定在加密货币社区引起了震动，引发了关于金融安全和个人隐私之间平衡的激烈争论。

The Rationale: Combating Financial Crime

理由：打击金融犯罪

The European Parliament (EP) maintains that anonymous crypto accounts pose a significant risk to the stability of the financial system. By allowing transactions to occur without identifying the parties involved, such accounts facilitate illicit activities, including money laundering and terrorist financing. Service providers managing these accounts, the EP argues, are unable to adequately assess the risks associated with their clients' transactions.

欧洲议会（EP）认为，匿名加密账户对金融体系的稳定性构成重大风险。通过允许在不识别相关方身份的情况下进行交易，此类账户为非法活动提供了便利，包括洗钱和恐怖主义融资。欧洲议会认为，管理这些账户的服务提供商无法充分评估与其客户交易相关的风险。

"Providers of crypto services and crowdfunding platforms are exposed to the misuse of new channels for the movement of illicit money and are well placed to detect such movements and mitigate risks," reads a 329-page document issued by the EP. "The scope of Union legislation should therefore be expanded to cover these entities."

欧洲议会发布的一份长达 329 页的文件中写道：“加密货币服务和众筹平台的提供商面临着滥用新渠道进行非法资金流动的风险，并且能够很好地检测此类流动并降低风险。” “因此，欧盟立法的范围应扩大到涵盖这些实体。”

The EP's concerns extend to privacy-enhancing cryptocurrencies and anonymous crypto accounts that allow users to conceal their transactions. Specifically targeted are privacy coins like Monero and zCash, as well as assets anonymized through cryptocurrency mixers. These measures, the EP contends, undermine the effectiveness of anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT) regulations.

欧洲议会的担忧还涉及增强隐私的加密货币和允许用户隐藏其交易的匿名加密账户。具体目标是 Monero 和 zCash 等隐私币，以及通过加密货币混合器匿名的资产。欧洲议会认为，这些措施削弱了反洗钱（AML）和反恐融资（CFT）法规的有效性。

How Privacy Coins Operate

隐私币如何运作

Monero, a decade-old cryptocurrency ecosystem, stands as the most prominent example of anonymous crypto accounts. With a market capitalization of around $2.5 billion, Monero employs a ring signature system to anonymize the value and sender of transactions. This system relies on mixing multiple users' public keys to obfuscate the true origin of the funds.

门罗币是一个已有十年历史的加密货币生态系统，是匿名加密账户最突出的例子。 Monero 的市值约为 25 亿美元，它采用环签名系统来匿名化交易的价值和发送者。该系统依靠混合多个用户的公钥来混淆资金的真实来源。

Monero also utilizes stealth addresses, a unique tool that assigns an automatically generated, one-time address for each incoming transaction. This feature further complicates the identification of the recipient and the transaction itself.

门罗币还利用隐形地址，这是一种独特的工具，可为每笔传入交易分配自动生成的一次性地址。此功能使接收者的识别和交易本身进一步复杂化。

Criticisms and Concerns

批评和担忧

The EU's decision has faced significant backlash from privacy advocates and cryptocurrency enthusiasts. Critics argue that the law infringes upon individuals' fundamental right to privacy and undermines the decentralized, censorship-resistant nature of cryptocurrencies.

欧盟的决定遭到了隐私倡导者和加密货币爱好者的强烈反对。批评者认为，该法律侵犯了个人的基本隐私权，并破坏了加密货币的去中心化、抗审查性质。

Patrick Breyer, a member of the EP, condemned the law, expressing that "people have the right to make online payments and donations without their personal transactions being recorded." He further questioned the EU's ability to regulate a global phenomenon like cryptocurrency on a regional level.

欧洲议会议员帕特里克·布雷耶谴责了这项法律，表示“人们有权在不记录个人交易的情况下进行在线支付和捐款”。他进一步质疑欧盟在区域层面监管加密货币等全球现象的能力。

The European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) has also raised concerns about the law's compatibility with the EU's commitment to human dignity and privacy. The EDPS emphasizes that privacy is both an individual right and a social value, encompassing the right to conduct private transactions.

欧洲数据保护监管机构 (EDPS) 也对该法律与欧盟对人类尊严和隐私的承诺的兼容性表示担忧。 EDP​​S 强调隐私既是个人权利，也是社会价值，包括进行私人交易的权利。

Contradictions and Exemptions

矛盾与豁免

Despite its stringent stance on anonymous crypto accounts, the EU's new law contains notable exceptions. Unhosted wallet providers, who do not control their users' cryptocurrency wallets, are exempt from the ban. Similarly, hardware and software providers are not subject to these restrictions.

尽管欧盟对匿名加密账户采取了严格的立场，但欧盟的新法律仍包含明显的例外情况。不控制用户的加密货币钱包的非托管钱包提供商不受该禁令的约束。同样，硬件和软件提供商也不受这些限制。

Additionally, the EP document acknowledges the role of civil society organizations in humanitarian and developmental efforts. It cautions financial institutions against using AML/CFT regulations to "justify commercial decisions" related to their clients' activities.

此外，欧洲议会文件承认民间社会组织在人道主义和发展努力中的作用。它警告金融机构不要利用反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义法规来“证明与其客户活动相关的商业决策的合理性”。

Anonymous vs. Pseudonymous Accounts

匿名帐户与假名帐户

It is crucial to distinguish between anonymous and pseudonymous crypto accounts. Traditional bank accounts are neither anonymous nor pseudonymous, as the bank holds the account holder's personal information. Pseudonymous crypto accounts, on the other hand, use alphanumeric addresses that allow for the tracking of transactions. However, these addresses do not directly reveal the user's real-world identity.

区分匿名和假名加密帐户至关重要。传统的银行账户既不是匿名的，也不是假名的，因为银行持有账户持有人的个人信息。另一方面，假名加密账户使用字母数字地址来跟踪交易。然而，这些地址并不能直接揭示用户的真实身份。

Benefits and Drawbacks of Anonymous Transactions

匿名交易的优点和缺点

Anonymous crypto accounts offer a range of benefits to users, including enhanced privacy, protection from censorship, and the ability to evade excessive taxation. Many individuals and entities seek anonymity to safeguard their financial interests and personal data.

匿名加密账户为用户提供了一系列好处，包括增强隐私、免受审查以及逃避过度征税的能力。许多个人和实体寻求匿名以保护其经济利益和个人数据。

However, anonymous crypto accounts also present potential risks, including the facilitation of illegal activities such as money laundering. They can also be more time-consuming and expensive to process than traditional transactions. Additionally, many exchanges impose limits on the amount of funds that can be held in anonymous crypto accounts without verifying the user's identity.

然而，匿名加密账户也存在潜在风险，包括为洗钱等非法活动提供便利。与传统交易相比，它们的处理起来也更耗时、更昂贵。此外，许多交易所在不验证用户身份的情况下对匿名加密账户中可以持有的资金金额施加限制。

Difficulties in Enforcement

执行困难

Implementing the EU's new law poses significant practical challenges. Users can create multiple wallets to obscure their activities, making it harder for authorities to trace transactions. Moreover, the law only applies within the EU, and many individuals can easily relocate outside the jurisdiction to avoid compliance.

实施欧盟新法律带来了重大的实际挑战。用户可以创建多个钱包来掩盖他们的活动，使当局更难追踪交易。此外，该法律仅适用于欧盟境内，许多人可以轻松移居到司法管辖区之外以避免遵守规定。

Patrick Hansen, an industry expert, believes that the new law primarily reiterates existing AML regulations and does not impose substantial restrictions on self-custody wallets, payments, or peer-to-peer transfers. He predicts that the law will have a limited impact on the crypto market within the EU.

行业专家帕特里克·汉森认为，新法主要重申了现有的反洗钱规定，并没有对自我托管钱包、支付或点对点转账施加实质性限制。他预计该法律对欧盟内部加密货币市场的影响有限。

Conclusion

结论

The EU's ban on anonymous crypto accounts and privacy coins marks a significant shift in the regulatory landscape for cryptocurrencies. While the law aims to combat illicit activities and protect the financial system, it raises concerns about privacy, individual autonomy, and the effectiveness of regional regulations in a globalized digital economy. The implementation of the law faces challenges, and its long-term effects remain to be seen. However, it is clear that the debate over the balance between financial security and personal privacy will continue to shape the development of cryptocurrency regulations worldwide.

欧盟对匿名加密账户和隐私币的禁令标志着加密货币监管格局的重大转变。虽然该法律旨在打击非法活动并保护金融体系，但它引起了人们对全球化数字经济中的隐私、个人自治以及区域监管有效性的担忧。该法的实施面临挑战，其长期效果有待观察。然而，很明显，关于金融安全和个人隐私之间平衡的争论将继续影响全球加密货币监管的发展。