Neo Plasma：以太坊的可擴展性救世主從灰燼中歸來

2017年，以太坊的可擴展性問題促使Vitalik Buterin提出了Plasma，這是一種旨在減輕主鏈交易結算負擔的解決方案。然而，由於可替代性問題和操作員不當行為，最初的嘗試面臨實用性挑戰。最近，Buterin 憑藉區塊鏈技術的進步重新審視了 Plasma，包括零知識技術和 INTMAX 的 Plasma Next 無狀態架構，為解決困擾其最初迭代的問題帶來了新的希望。

Neo Plasma: The Resurrection of Ethereum's Scalability Savior

Neo Plasma：以太坊可擴展性救星的復活

A Promising Revival

充滿希望的復興

In the depths of 2017, Ethereum found itself entangled in a web of scalability woes. Its meteoric rise had ushered in burgeoning popularity, but this very success precipitated a formidable challenge: severe bottlenecks and skyrocketing gas fees. Enter Vitalik Buterin, the visionary behind Ethereum, who embarked on a quest to unravel this Gordian knot. From the depths of his innovative thinking emerged Plasma, a groundbreaking construct poised to alleviate the burden on Ethereum's main chain.

2017 年末，以太坊發現自己陷入了可擴展性困境之中。它的迅速崛起帶來了迅速普及，但正是這種成功引發了巨大的挑戰：嚴重的瓶頸和飛漲的天然氣費。 Vitalik Buterin 登場，他是以太坊背後的遠見卓識者，他開始尋求解開這個棘手的結。從他的創新思維深處誕生了 Plasma，這是一個突破性的結構，旨在減輕以太坊主鏈的負擔。

Plasma: The Dream and Its Downfall

電漿：夢想及其破滅

Plasma's genesis lay in its ingenious solution to Ethereum's consensus conundrum. By offloading a substantial portion of transaction settlement to a secondary layer, Plasma sought to alleviate the strain on the congested main chain. This secondary layer would maintain a record of state changes, presenting only the crucial updates to Ethereum's mainnet.

Plasma 的起源在於它巧妙地解決了以太坊的共識難題。透過將大部分交易結算轉移到二級層，Plasma 試圖減輕擁擠的主鏈的壓力。第二層將保存狀態變化的記錄，僅提供以太坊主網路的關鍵更新。

In theory, Plasma's architecture, built upon Merkle trees, offered an efficient means of tracking asset ownership. Operators within this system were tasked with generating blocks that encompassed Merkle roots and the branches pertinent to specific users. This intricate mechanism aimed to generate a streamlined system, meticulously monitoring asset possession and capturing their movement in a scalable and low-intensity manner.

理論上，Plasma 的架構是基於 Merkle 樹，提供了一種追蹤資產所有權的有效方法。此系統內的操作員的任務是產生包含 Merkle 根和與特定使用者相關的分支的區塊。這種複雜的機制旨在產生一個精簡的系統，仔細監控資產佔有情況並以可擴展和低強度的方式捕獲資產的移動。

However, as Plasma's development progressed, its promise began to unravel. The complexities inherent in asset fungibility posed a formidable challenge. When assets lacked uniqueness and shared identical characteristics, it became increasingly arduous to ascertain their ownership. Early iterations of Plasma attempted to circumvent this obstacle by transforming each token into a non-fungible token (NFT). However, the computational overhead associated with this approach far outweighed its benefits.

然而，隨著 Plasma 開發的進展，它的承諾開始兌現。資產可替代性固有的複雜性提出了巨大的挑戰。當資產缺乏唯一性且具有相同特徵時，確定其所有權就變得越來越困難。 Plasma 的早期迭代試圖透過將每個代幣轉換為不可替代代幣（NFT）來規避這一障礙。然而，與這種方法相關的計算開銷遠遠超過了它的好處。

As Plasma's architecture evolved to encompass more intricate structures, such as pools, its foundation began to crumble. The system's inability to verify asset ownership in such complex scenarios rendered it obsolete. Furthermore, the complexities that arose as developers ventured into novel smart contract use cases further ensnared Plasma, eroding its scalability potential.

隨著 Plasma 的架構發展到包含更複雜的結構（例如水池），它的基礎開始崩潰。該系統無法在如此複雜的場景中驗證資產所有權，使其過時。此外，隨著開發人員冒險嘗試新穎的智慧合約用例，出現的複雜性進一步陷入了 Plasma 的困境，削弱了其可擴展性潛力。

Misbehaving Operators: A Fatal Flaw

操作不當：一個致命缺陷

Another Achilles heel of the original Plasma design stemmed from the potential for operator misconduct. Operators had the power to disrupt the system by publishing invalid or unavailable blocks. Each scenario presented its own set of complications, exacerbating the already complex dispute resolution process. If a user fell victim to an operator's malfeasance, they were granted a seven-day window to lodge a challenge, accompanied by irrefutable evidence via Merkle trees, outlining the discrepancy between the intended and actual block content. This arduous process introduced additional complexity and delays, undermining the system's scalability.

最初 Plasma 設計的另一個致命弱點是操作員可能存在不當行為。運營商有權透過發布無效或不可用的區塊來破壞系統。每種情況都有其自身的複雜性，加劇了本已複雜的爭議解決過程。如果用戶成為營運商不當行為的受害者，他們將獲得 7 天的時間提出質疑，並附上透過 Merkle 樹提供的無可辯駁的證據，概述預期區塊內容與實際區塊內容之間的差異。這一艱鉅的過程帶來了額外的複雜性和延遲，破壞了系統的可擴展性。

Breakthrough Innovations Resurrecting Neo Plasma

突破性創新復興新等離子體

Despite the setbacks that plagued the original Plasma concept, its potential remained tantalizing. Vitalik Buterin, undeterred, revisited Plasma in late 2023, armed with groundbreaking advancements in blockchain technology. This renewed pursuit, dubbed "Neo Plasma," holds immense promise, contingent upon the Web3 community's ability to harness its potential while sidestepping its predecessors' pitfalls.

儘管最初的 Plasma 概念遇到了挫折，但它的潛力仍然誘人。 Vitalik Buterin 沒有被嚇倒，在 2023 年底，憑藉區塊鏈技術的突破性進展，重新審視了 Plasma。這種被稱為「Neo Plasma」的新追求具有巨大的前景，這取決於 Web3 社群是否有能力利用其潛力，同時避開其前輩的陷阱。

Zero-Knowledge Technology: A Game-Changer

零知識技術：遊戲規則改變者

The advent of Zero-Knowledge technology, particularly ZK-SNARKS, has emerged as a game-changer for on-chain finance. ZK-SNARKS, a form of multi-party computation (MPC), fill a critical void in the realm of on-chain finance. While encryption safeguards data privacy on the blockchain, it hinders interaction (e.g., transactions, information sharing) without decryption.

零知識技術，特別是 ZK-SNARKS 的出現，已經成為鏈上金融遊戲規則的改變者。 ZK-SNARKS 是一種多方運算 (MPC) 形式，填補了鏈上金融領域的關鍵空白。雖然加密可以保護區塊鏈上的資料隱私，但它會阻礙未經解密的互動（例如交易、資訊共享）。

ZK-SNARKS, however, empower users to maintain complete privacy while engaging in interactions. This unique characteristic aligns perfectly with the requirements of on-chain activity. As Buterin himself has expounded, incorporating ZK technology into Plasma could effectively eliminate operator misconduct, a major flaw in the original design. This would render the waiting period for user challenges obsolete, streamlining the dispute resolution process.

然而，ZK-SNARKS 使用戶能夠在互動時保持完全的隱私。這種獨特的特性完全符合鏈上活動的要求。正如 Buterin 本人所闡述的那樣，將 ZK 技術融入 Plasma 中可以有效消除操作員的不當行為，這是原始設計中的一個主要缺陷。這將消除用戶質疑的等待期，從而簡化爭議解決流程。

Numerous platforms are actively exploring the integration of ZK technology, and it is highly likely that novel structures will emerge, leveraging Plasma's core principles with a ZK twist.

許多平台正在積極探索 ZK 技術的集成，並且很可能會出現新穎的結構，利用 Plasma 的核心原理和 ZK 技術。

INTMAX's Plasma Next: Stateless Scalability

INTMAX 的 Plasma Next：無狀態可擴展性

Scalability remains a formidable challenge as complexity and transaction volume continue to escalate. Failure to address this issue could extinguish Plasma's resurgence, as "slow" and "expensive" are epithets that can doom any platform.

隨著複雜性和交易量不斷增加，可擴展性仍然是一個巨大的挑戰。如果不能解決這個問題，Plasma 的復興可能會失敗，因為「慢」和「貴」這些綽號可能會毀掉任何平台。

A visionary team at INTMAX, led by co-founder Leona Hioki, who has dedicated years to studying Plasma's intricacies, may have devised a solution, or at least a substantial portion thereof, to make Neo Plasma a reality. The key lies in their concept of "stateless" architecture, dubbed Plasma Next.

INTMAX 的聯合創始人 Leona Hioki 領導的富有遠見的團隊多年來致力於研究 Plasma 的複雜性，他們可能已經設計出解決方案，或者至少是其中的很大一部分，使 Neo Plasma 成為現實。關鍵在於他們的「無狀態」架構概念，稱為 Plasma Next。

This stateless architecture is made possible by constructing a system where users maintain control over their own data, while validators store only a minimal, fixed-size state. Technically categorized as a pseudo-stateless solution, it effectively addresses the primary scalability bottleneck. With a constant-size state, the cost per block remains constant and negligible, allowing for scalability regardless of the number of users.

這種無狀態架構是透過建立一個系統來實現的，在該系統中，使用者保持對自己資料的控制，而驗證器僅儲存最小的、固定大小的狀態。從技術上講，它被歸類為偽無狀態解決方案，它有效地解決了主要的可擴展性瓶頸。在大小恆定的狀態下，每個區塊的成本保持恆定且可以忽略不計，從而無論用戶數量有多少，都可以實現可擴展性。

The implications of INTMAX's Plasma Next are profound. Payments and rewards can be processed for a mere $0.000000001 in DAI, introducing unprecedented levels of efficiency for micro- and even nano-transactions.

INTMAX Plasma Next 的影響是深遠的。只需 0.000000001 美元的 DAI 即可處理付款和獎勵，為微型甚至奈米交易帶來前所未有的效率水平。

The Road Ahead

前方的路

Plasma's initial inception generated immense enthusiasm, and its subsequent challenges ignited a wave of dedicated developers determined to overcome its obstacles and craft a version that fulfilled its promise of speed, affordability, and scalability. The necessary technological advancements have finally caught up, and with the advent of ZK-SNARKS and INTMAX's Plasma Next, multiple platforms are racing to bring this vision to fruition. Neo Plasma is poised to realize the potential that captivated the blockchain community in 2017.

Plasma 最初的誕生引發了巨大的熱情，隨後的挑戰激發了一群專注的開發人員，決心克服其障礙並打造一個能夠實現其速度、可負擔性和可擴展性承諾的版本。必要的技術進步終於趕上了，隨著 ZK-SNARKS 和 INTMAX Plasma Next 的出現，多個平台正在競相實現這一願景。 Neo Plasma 預計將實現 2017 年吸引區塊鏈社群的潛力。