研究人员警告称，量子计算威胁比特币加密

研究人员估计了实现这一任务所需的量子计算机的大小，他们表示，能够破解比特币加密的量子计算机在未来可能变得可行。通过检查这一基准，该研究揭示了未来量子计算机的潜在功能以及对比特币椭圆曲线数字签名算法等安全通信协议的潜在影响，随着量子计算的进步，这些协议可能会变得容易受到攻击。

Quantum Computing Poses Threat to Bitcoin Encryption, Researchers Warn

研究人员警告称，量子计算对比特币加密构成威胁

In a groundbreaking study published in AVS Quantum Science, researchers have projected that future advancements in quantum computing technology will render the encryption currently safeguarding the Bitcoin network vulnerable to attack.

在 AVS Quantum Science 上发表的一项开创性研究中，研究人员预测，量子计算技术的未来进步将使目前保护比特币网络的加密技术容易受到攻击。

The study, led by Mark Webber of the University of Sussex, focused on estimating the necessary size of a quantum computer capable of breaking the Bitcoin network's encryption. This benchmark serves as a gauge for the future scale of quantum computing required to accomplish more complex tasks.

这项研究由萨塞克斯大学的马克·韦伯领导，重点评估能够破解比特币网络加密的量子计算机的必要规模。该基准可以衡量未来完成更复杂任务所需的量子计算规模。

"Previous research in this area has predominantly concentrated on a specific hardware platform, namely superconducting devices," said Webber. "However, different hardware platforms exhibit significant variations in crucial hardware specifications, such as operational speed and qubit control quality."

“该领域之前的研究主要集中在特定的硬件平台上，即超导设备，”韦伯说。 “然而，不同的硬件平台在关键硬件规格方面表现出显着差异，例如运行速度和量子位控制质量。”

Quantum computers leverage quantum bits (qubits) instead of the conventional '1's' and '0's' used in digital information encoding. Qubits possess the unique ability to exist in a superposition state, simultaneously representing both a '1' and a '0.' This property enables an exponential increase in computational power with each additional qubit introduced, unlike the linear growth observed in traditional computing.

量子计算机利用量子位（qubit）代替数字信息编码中使用的传统“1”和“0”。量子位具有以叠加态存在的独特能力，同时代表“1”和“0”。与传统计算中观察到的线性增长不同，这一特性使得每引入一个额外的量子位，计算能力就会呈指数级增长。

The full realization of quantum computing's potential hinges on the development of error-corrected quantum computers. These machines compensate for inherent errors within the system, allowing for the execution of longer algorithms, albeit at the expense of requiring more physical qubits.

量子计算潜力的充分实现取决于纠错量子计算机的发展。这些机器补偿系统内的固有错误，允许执行更长的算法，尽管代价是需要更多的物理量子位。

"To accelerate the execution of quantum algorithms, we can increase the number of operations performed concurrently by adding more physical qubits," explained Webber. "We incorporate additional qubits as necessary to achieve the desired runtime, which is critically dependent on the operational speed at the physical hardware level."

“为了加速量子算法的执行，我们可以通过添加更多物理量子位来增加同时执行的操作数量，”韦伯解释道。 “我们根据需要合并了额外的量子位，以实现所需的运行时间，这在很大程度上取决于物理硬件级别的运行速度。”

However, most contemporary quantum computers face limitations due to the restricted interaction between qubits, typically confined to neighboring qubits. Certain designs circumvent this constraint by enabling physical relocation of qubits, facilitating interactions with a broader range of their counterparts.

然而，由于量子位之间的相互作用有限（通常仅限于相邻量子位），大多数当代量子计算机都面临着局限性。某些设计通过实现量子位的物理重新定位来规避这一限制，从而促进与更广泛的对应物的交互。

Quantum computers excel at breaking encryption compared to their conventional counterparts. Secure communication protocols often rely on RSA encryption, introduced in 1977. The security of RSA stems from the computational complexity of factoring two large prime numbers, which form the basis of the public key. Deciphering a message encrypted with such a key requires knowledge of these prime numbers.

与传统计算机相比，量子计算机擅长破解加密。安全通信协议通常依赖于 1977 年推出的 RSA 加密。RSA 的安全性源于分解两个大素数的计算复杂性，这两个素数构成了公钥的基础。破译用这样的密钥加密的消息需要了解这些素数。

While Bitcoin employs a distinct encryption scheme, the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm, researchers believe both methods will succumb to future quantum attacks.

虽然比特币采用了独特的加密方案，即椭圆曲线数字签名算法，但研究人员认为这两种方法都会屈服于未来的量子攻击。

"Current state-of-the-art quantum computers possess only 50-100 qubits," said Webber. "Our estimations indicate a requirement of 30 million to 300 million physical qubits, suggesting that Bitcoin remains relatively secure against quantum attacks for the time being. However, devices of this scale are generally deemed achievable, and future advancements may further reduce the necessary size."

“目前最先进的量子计算机仅拥有 50-100 个量子位，”Webber 说。 “我们的估计表明需要 3000 万到 3 亿个物理量子位，这表明比特币目前对于量子攻击仍然相对安全。然而，这种规模的设备通常被认为是可以实现的，未来的进步可能会进一步减少必要的规模。 ”

Bitcoin may have the capability to implement a "hard-fork" to adopt a quantum-resistant encryption technique, but such a transition could introduce network scaling challenges due to increased memory demands.

比特币可能有能力实现“硬分叉”以采用抗量子加密技术，但由于内存需求增加，这种转变可能会带来网络扩展挑战。

The study, titled "The Impact of Hardware Specifications on Reaching Quantum Advantage in the Fault Tolerant Regime," provides valuable insights into the imminent challenges and opportunities presented by quantum computing's inexorable march forward.

这项题为“硬件规格对在容错机制中实现量子优势的影响”的研究为量子计算的不可阻挡的前进所带来的迫在眉睫的挑战和机遇提供了宝贵的见解。