研究人員警告稱，量子計算威脅比特幣加密

研究人員估計了實現這項任務所需的量子電腦的大小，他們表示，能夠破解比特幣加密的量子電腦在未來可能變得可行。透過檢查這一基準，該研究揭示了未來量子電腦的潛在功能以及對比特幣橢圓曲線數位簽章演算法等安全通訊協定的潛在影響，隨著量子運算的進步，這些協定可能會變得容易受到攻擊。

Quantum Computing Poses Threat to Bitcoin Encryption, Researchers Warn

研究人員警告稱，量子運算對比特幣加密構成威脅

In a groundbreaking study published in AVS Quantum Science, researchers have projected that future advancements in quantum computing technology will render the encryption currently safeguarding the Bitcoin network vulnerable to attack.

在 AVS Quantum Science 上發表的一項開創性研究中，研究人員預測，量子運算技術的未來進步將使目前保護比特幣網路的加密技術容易受到攻擊。

The study, led by Mark Webber of the University of Sussex, focused on estimating the necessary size of a quantum computer capable of breaking the Bitcoin network's encryption. This benchmark serves as a gauge for the future scale of quantum computing required to accomplish more complex tasks.

這項研究由薩塞克斯大學的馬克·韋伯領導，重點評估能夠破解比特幣網路加密的量子電腦的必要規模。此基準可以衡量未來完成更複雜任務所需的量子運算規模。

"Previous research in this area has predominantly concentrated on a specific hardware platform, namely superconducting devices," said Webber. "However, different hardware platforms exhibit significant variations in crucial hardware specifications, such as operational speed and qubit control quality."

「該領域先前的研究主要集中在特定的硬體平台上，即超導設備，」韋伯說。 “然而，不同的硬體平台在關鍵硬體規格方面表現出顯著差異，例如運行速度和量子位元控製品質。”

Quantum computers leverage quantum bits (qubits) instead of the conventional '1's' and '0's' used in digital information encoding. Qubits possess the unique ability to exist in a superposition state, simultaneously representing both a '1' and a '0.' This property enables an exponential increase in computational power with each additional qubit introduced, unlike the linear growth observed in traditional computing.

量子電腦利用量子位元（qubit）取代數位資訊編碼中使用的傳統「1」和「0」。量子位元具有以疊加態存在的獨特能力，同時代表「1」和「0」。與傳統計算中觀察到的線性增長不同，這一特性使得每引入一個額外的量子位，計算能力就會呈指數級增長。

The full realization of quantum computing's potential hinges on the development of error-corrected quantum computers. These machines compensate for inherent errors within the system, allowing for the execution of longer algorithms, albeit at the expense of requiring more physical qubits.

量子運算潛力的充分實現取決於糾錯量子電腦的發展。這些機器補償系統內的固有錯誤，允許執行更長的演算法，儘管代價是需要更多的物理量子位元。

"To accelerate the execution of quantum algorithms, we can increase the number of operations performed concurrently by adding more physical qubits," explained Webber. "We incorporate additional qubits as necessary to achieve the desired runtime, which is critically dependent on the operational speed at the physical hardware level."

「為了加速量子演算法的執行，我們可以透過添加更多物理量子位元來增加同時執行的操作數量，」韋伯解釋道。 “我們根據需要合併了額外的量子位，以實現所需的運行時間，這在很大程度上取決於物理硬體級別的運行速度。”

However, most contemporary quantum computers face limitations due to the restricted interaction between qubits, typically confined to neighboring qubits. Certain designs circumvent this constraint by enabling physical relocation of qubits, facilitating interactions with a broader range of their counterparts.

然而，由於量子位元之間的相互作用有限（通常僅限於相鄰量子位元），大多數當代量子電腦都面臨著限制。某些設計透過實現量子位元的物理重新定位來規避此限制，從而促進與更廣泛的對應物的交互作用。

Quantum computers excel at breaking encryption compared to their conventional counterparts. Secure communication protocols often rely on RSA encryption, introduced in 1977. The security of RSA stems from the computational complexity of factoring two large prime numbers, which form the basis of the public key. Deciphering a message encrypted with such a key requires knowledge of these prime numbers.

與傳統電腦相比，量子電腦擅長破解加密。安全通訊協定通常依賴 1977 年推出的 RSA 加密。破解用這樣的密鑰加密的訊息需要了解這些素數。

While Bitcoin employs a distinct encryption scheme, the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm, researchers believe both methods will succumb to future quantum attacks.

雖然比特幣採用了獨特的加密方案，即橢圓曲線數位簽章演算法，但研究人員認為這兩種方法都會屈服於未來的量子攻擊。

"Current state-of-the-art quantum computers possess only 50-100 qubits," said Webber. "Our estimations indicate a requirement of 30 million to 300 million physical qubits, suggesting that Bitcoin remains relatively secure against quantum attacks for the time being. However, devices of this scale are generally deemed achievable, and future advancements may further reduce the necessary size."

「目前最先進的量子電腦僅擁有 50-100 個量子位元，」Webber 說。 「我們的估計顯示需要3000 萬到3 億個實體量子位，這表明比特幣目前對於量子攻擊仍然相對安全。然而，這種規模的設備通常被認為是可以實現的，未來的進步可能會進一步減少必要的規模。

Bitcoin may have the capability to implement a "hard-fork" to adopt a quantum-resistant encryption technique, but such a transition could introduce network scaling challenges due to increased memory demands.

比特幣可能有能力實現「硬分叉」以採用抗量子加密技術，但由於記憶體需求增加，這種轉變可能會帶來網路擴展挑戰。

The study, titled "The Impact of Hardware Specifications on Reaching Quantum Advantage in the Fault Tolerant Regime," provides valuable insights into the imminent challenges and opportunities presented by quantum computing's inexorable march forward.

這項題為「硬體規格對在容錯機制中實現量子優勢的影響」的研究為量子運算的不可阻擋的前進所帶來的迫在眉睫的挑戰和機會提供了寶貴的見解。