第2层解决方案：增强比特币的可伸缩性和交易效率

随着比特币的网络继续成熟，其在交易速度和成本上的固有局限性变得更加明显，尤其是在充血时期。

As Bitcoin’s network continues to mature, its inherent limitations around transaction speed and cost have become more apparent, especially during times of congestion. In the face of increasing demand, the Bitcoin blockchain has struggled to maintain its ability to process a large number of transactions efficiently. In these instances, transaction fees rise, delays in confirmation occur, and the mempool—where unconfirmed transactions reside—can become congested.

随着比特币的网络继续成熟，其在交易速度和成本上的固有局限性变得更加明显，尤其是在充血时期。面对需求不断增长，比特币区块链努力保持其有效处理大量交易的能力。在这些情况下，交易费用上升，发生确认的延误，而孟买（未经证实的交易中存在）可能会变得拥挤。

However, a potential solution to this problem lies in Layer 2 solutions, which are technologies built on top of the main Bitcoin blockchain (Layer 1) to enhance scalability, transaction throughput, and reduce costs. These solutions aim to relieve pressure from the main network by allowing transactions to occur off-chain, significantly improving Bitcoin’s ability to handle a higher volume of transactions. The most notable and widely adopted Layer 2 solution is the Lightning Network, but other solutions are also emerging and gaining traction.

但是，解决此问题的一种潜在解决方案在于第2层解决方案，这些解决方案是建立在主比特币区块链（第1层）顶部的技术，可增强可扩展性，交易吞吐量和降低成本。这些解决方案旨在通过允许交易链外链进行交易来减轻主网络的压力，从而显着提高比特币处理更高量的交易的能力。最著名，最广泛地采用的第2层解决方案是闪电网络，但其他解决方案也正在出现并获得吸引力。

Layer 2 solutions refer to any secondary protocol or technology that operates on top of an existing blockchain (in this case, Bitcoin). These solutions are designed to improve scalability, reduce congestion, and lower transaction fees by taking transactions off the main blockchain, processing them off-chain, and then settling the final results back on-chain. The most prominent Layer 2 solution for Bitcoin is the Lightning Network, but other protocols and networks are also in development, each aiming to address scalability issues differently.

第2层解决方案是指在现有区块链之上运行的任何辅助协议或技术（在这种情况下为比特币）。这些解决方案旨在通过从主要区块链中取出交易，将其处理离链，然后在链上解决最终结果，从而提高可扩展性，降低交易费用，并降低交易费用。比特币最突出的第2层解决方案是闪电网络，但是其他协议和网络也在开发中，每个协议和网络旨在以不同的方式解决可伸缩性问题。

One of the most significant benefits of Layer 2 solutions is the ability to scale Bitcoin’s transaction capacity without requiring modifications to the core blockchain. Bitcoin’s Layer 1 can process about 3 to 7 transactions per second (TPS), a rate that is too low to handle the demand during peak times. Layer 2 solutions, on the other hand, can potentially scale to handle millions of transactions per second, depending on their design.

第2层解决方案最重要的好处之一是能够扩展比特币的交易能力而无需对核心区块链进行修改的能力。比特币的第1层可以处理约3至7个每秒交易（TPS），这一速率太低，无法在高峰时段处理需求。另一方面，第2层解决方案可以根据其设计来实现每秒数百万笔交易的可能性。

Since Layer 2 solutions reduce the burden on the main blockchain, they can also significantly lower transaction costs. With fewer transactions needing to be confirmed on the Bitcoin blockchain, fees are lower, making microtransactions and small-value payments economically viable. This is particularly important for Bitcoin to compete as a viable payment solution in everyday use cases, such as small-value retail transactions or remittances.

由于第2层解决方案减轻了主要区块链的负担，因此它们也可以显着降低交易成本。由于需要在比特币区块链上确认的交易较少，因此费用较低，因此经济可行的是微交易和小价值支付。这对于比特币在日常用例中作为可行的支付解决方案（例如小价值零售交易或汇款）竞争尤其重要。

Layer 2 networks can provide near-instantaneous transaction confirmations. This addresses the Bitcoin network’s inherent slow transaction finality, especially during periods of congestion. By allowing users to transact off-chain, Layer 2 solutions can offer quicker settlement times without waiting for blocks to be mined on the main blockchain, thus reducing the delays that often accompany high traffic periods.

第2层网络可以提供近乎传给的交易确认。这解决了比特币网络固有的慢速交易终结性，尤其是在拥塞期间。通过允许用户交易离子链，第2层解决方案可以提供更快的结算时间，而无需等待在主区块链上开采块，从而减少了经常伴随较高交通流量的延迟。

Transactions on Layer 2 solutions can offer enhanced privacy features. Since many Layer 2 solutions do not require every transaction to be recorded on the public blockchain, they provide a higher level of privacy for users compared to on-chain transactions. While transactions might eventually settle on the Bitcoin blockchain, the off-chain nature of Layer 2 means they are not immediately visible to the public, preserving user privacy.

第2层解决方案上的交易可以提供增强的隐私功能。由于许多第2层解决方案不需要在公共区块链上记录每笔交易，因此与链交易相比，它们为用户提供了更高的隐私。尽管交易最终可能会安装在比特币区块链上，但第2层的链链性质意味着它们并不立即可见，可以保留用户隐私。

The Lightning Network is by far the most well-known and widely adopted Layer 2 solution for Bitcoin. It functions as a payment channel network, allowing users to conduct multiple transactions off-chain while only recording the final settlement on the main Bitcoin blockchain. Here’s how it works:

闪电网络是迄今为止最著名的，广泛采用的比特币解决方案。它充当支付渠道网络，允许用户在链上进行多次交易，同时仅记录主比特币区块链上的最终结算。这是其工作原理：

To use the Lightning Network, users first open a payment channel by creating a multi-signature wallet. This wallet requires both parties to sign off on any transaction. A certain amount of Bitcoin is locked in this channel as collateral, which can be used for transactions between the two parties.

要使用Lightning网络，用户首先通过创建一个多签名钱包打开付款渠道。该钱包要求双方在任何交易上签字。一定量的比特币被锁定在该通道中，作为抵押品，可用于两方之间的交易。

Once the channel is open, users can exchange as many transactions as they like without needing to broadcast each one to the Bitcoin blockchain. These transactions are recorded off-chain, meaning they are processed instantly and without incurring high fees. The parties involved can transact freely until they decide to close the channel.

通道打开后，用户可以随意交换尽可能多的交易，而无需将每个交易广播到比特币区块链。这些交易记录在链上，这意味着它们会立即处理，而不会产生高费用。有关各方可以自由交易，直到他们决定关闭渠道为止。

At any time, either party can choose to close the channel, at which point the final balance is settled on the Bitcoin blockchain. This means that only two transactions—opening and closing the channel—are recorded on-chain, which greatly reduces the load on the Bitcoin network. The final transaction is the only one that appears on the blockchain, while the numerous smaller transactions are conducted off-chain.

任何时候，任何一方都可以选择关闭频道，此时最终余额已在比特币区块链上解决。这意味着只有两项交易（开放和关闭通道）在链上记录，这大大降低了比特币网络上的负载。最终交易是唯一出现在区块链上的交易，而大量较小的交易是在链外进行的。

One of the most innovative aspects of the Lightning Network is its ability to route payments between multiple parties. If a user does not have a direct channel with another party, the Lightning Network can route the payment through a series of interconnected channels, enabling users to transact with anyone on the network. This routing feature increases the flexibility and utility of the Lightning Network, creating a decentralized web of channels for near-instant payments.

闪电网络最具创新性的方面之一是其在多方之间进行付款的能力。如果用户没有与另一方的直接通道，则闪电网络可以通过一系列互连频道将付款路由付款，从而使用户能够与网络上的任何人进行交易。该路由功能增加了闪电网络的灵活性和实用性，创建了一个分散的渠道网络，以供近乎固有的付款。

Bitcoin’s scalability problem stems from its design. Bitcoin’s Layer 1 has a relatively low transaction throughput, and as the number of users and transactions grows, the network becomes congested. The mempool starts to fill up with pending transactions, leading to higher fees and longer wait times for confirmations.

比特币的可伸缩性问题源于其设计。比特币的第1层的交易吞吐量相对较低，随着用户和交易的数量的增加，网络变得拥挤。 Mempool开始充满待处理的交易，导致更高的费用和更长的等待时间进行确认。

Layer 2 solutions like the Lightning Network alleviate this problem by enabling transactions to occur off-chain, thereby

诸如闪电网络之类的第2层解决方案通过使交易越链，从而减轻了此问题