第2層解決方案：增強比特幣的可伸縮性和交易效率

隨著比特幣的網絡繼續成熟，其在交易速度和成本上的固有局限性變得更加明顯，尤其是在充血時期。

As Bitcoin’s network continues to mature, its inherent limitations around transaction speed and cost have become more apparent, especially during times of congestion. In the face of increasing demand, the Bitcoin blockchain has struggled to maintain its ability to process a large number of transactions efficiently. In these instances, transaction fees rise, delays in confirmation occur, and the mempool—where unconfirmed transactions reside—can become congested.

隨著比特幣的網絡繼續成熟，其在交易速度和成本上的固有局限性變得更加明顯，尤其是在充血時期。面對需求不斷增長，比特幣區塊鏈努力保持其有效處理大量交易的能力。在這些情況下，交易費用上升，發生確認的延誤，而孟買（未經證實的交易中存在）可能會變得擁擠。

However, a potential solution to this problem lies in Layer 2 solutions, which are technologies built on top of the main Bitcoin blockchain (Layer 1) to enhance scalability, transaction throughput, and reduce costs. These solutions aim to relieve pressure from the main network by allowing transactions to occur off-chain, significantly improving Bitcoin’s ability to handle a higher volume of transactions. The most notable and widely adopted Layer 2 solution is the Lightning Network, but other solutions are also emerging and gaining traction.

但是，解決此問題的一種潛在解決方案在於第2層解決方案，這些解決方案是建立在主比特幣區塊鏈（第1層）頂部的技術，可增強可擴展性，交易吞吐量和降低成本。這些解決方案旨在通過允許交易鏈外鏈進行交易來減輕主網絡的壓力，從而顯著提高比特幣處理更高量的交易的能力。最著名，最廣泛地採用的第2層解決方案是閃電網絡，但其他解決方案也正在出現並獲得吸引力。

Layer 2 solutions refer to any secondary protocol or technology that operates on top of an existing blockchain (in this case, Bitcoin). These solutions are designed to improve scalability, reduce congestion, and lower transaction fees by taking transactions off the main blockchain, processing them off-chain, and then settling the final results back on-chain. The most prominent Layer 2 solution for Bitcoin is the Lightning Network, but other protocols and networks are also in development, each aiming to address scalability issues differently.

第2層解決方案是指在現有區塊鏈之上運行的任何輔助協議或技術（在這種情況下為比特幣）。這些解決方案旨在通過從主要區塊鏈中取出交易，將其處理離鏈，然後在鏈上解決最終結果，從而提高可擴展性，降低交易費用，並降低交易費用。比特幣最突出的第2層解決方案是閃電網絡，但是其他協議和網絡也在開發中，每個協議和網絡旨在以不同的方式解決可伸縮性問題。

One of the most significant benefits of Layer 2 solutions is the ability to scale Bitcoin’s transaction capacity without requiring modifications to the core blockchain. Bitcoin’s Layer 1 can process about 3 to 7 transactions per second (TPS), a rate that is too low to handle the demand during peak times. Layer 2 solutions, on the other hand, can potentially scale to handle millions of transactions per second, depending on their design.

第2層解決方案最重要的好處之一是能夠擴展比特幣的交易能力而無需對核心區塊鏈進行修改的能力。比特幣的第1層可以處理約3至7個每秒交易（TPS），這一速率太低，無法在高峰時段處理需求。另一方面，第2層解決方案可以根據其設計來實現每秒數百萬筆交易的可能性。

Since Layer 2 solutions reduce the burden on the main blockchain, they can also significantly lower transaction costs. With fewer transactions needing to be confirmed on the Bitcoin blockchain, fees are lower, making microtransactions and small-value payments economically viable. This is particularly important for Bitcoin to compete as a viable payment solution in everyday use cases, such as small-value retail transactions or remittances.

由於第2層解決方案減輕了主要區塊鏈的負擔，因此它們也可以顯著降低交易成本。由於需要在比特幣區塊鏈上確認的交易較少，因此費用較低，因此經濟可行的是微交易和小價值支付。這對於比特幣在日常用例中作為可行的支付解決方案（例如小價值零售交易或匯款）競爭尤其重要。

Layer 2 networks can provide near-instantaneous transaction confirmations. This addresses the Bitcoin network’s inherent slow transaction finality, especially during periods of congestion. By allowing users to transact off-chain, Layer 2 solutions can offer quicker settlement times without waiting for blocks to be mined on the main blockchain, thus reducing the delays that often accompany high traffic periods.

第2層網絡可以提供近乎傳給的交易確認。這解決了比特幣網絡固有的慢速交易終結性，尤其是在擁塞期間。通過允許用戶交易離子鏈，第2層解決方案可以提供更快的結算時間，而無需等待在主區塊鏈上開採塊，從而減少了經常伴隨較高交通流量的延遲。

Transactions on Layer 2 solutions can offer enhanced privacy features. Since many Layer 2 solutions do not require every transaction to be recorded on the public blockchain, they provide a higher level of privacy for users compared to on-chain transactions. While transactions might eventually settle on the Bitcoin blockchain, the off-chain nature of Layer 2 means they are not immediately visible to the public, preserving user privacy.

第2層解決方案上的交易可以提供增強的隱私功能。由於許多第2層解決方案不需要在公共區塊鏈上記錄每筆交易，因此與鏈交易相比，它們為用戶提供了更高的隱私。儘管交易最終可能會安裝在比特幣區塊鏈上，但第2層的鍊鍊性質意味著它們並不立即可見，可以保留用戶隱私。

The Lightning Network is by far the most well-known and widely adopted Layer 2 solution for Bitcoin. It functions as a payment channel network, allowing users to conduct multiple transactions off-chain while only recording the final settlement on the main Bitcoin blockchain. Here’s how it works:

閃電網絡是迄今為止最著名的，廣泛採用的比特幣解決方案。它充當支付渠道網絡，允許用戶在鏈上進行多次交易，同時僅記錄主比特幣區塊鏈上的最終結算。這是其工作原理：

To use the Lightning Network, users first open a payment channel by creating a multi-signature wallet. This wallet requires both parties to sign off on any transaction. A certain amount of Bitcoin is locked in this channel as collateral, which can be used for transactions between the two parties.

要使用Lightning網絡，用戶首先通過創建一個多簽名錢包打開付款渠道。該錢包要求雙方在任何交易上簽字。一定量的比特幣被鎖定在該通道中，作為抵押品，可用於兩方之間的交易。

Once the channel is open, users can exchange as many transactions as they like without needing to broadcast each one to the Bitcoin blockchain. These transactions are recorded off-chain, meaning they are processed instantly and without incurring high fees. The parties involved can transact freely until they decide to close the channel.

通道打開後，用戶可以隨意交換盡可能多的交易，而無需將每個交易廣播到比特幣區塊鏈。這些交易記錄在鏈上，這意味著它們會立即處理，而不會產生高費用。有關各方可以自由交易，直到他們決定關閉渠道為止。

At any time, either party can choose to close the channel, at which point the final balance is settled on the Bitcoin blockchain. This means that only two transactions—opening and closing the channel—are recorded on-chain, which greatly reduces the load on the Bitcoin network. The final transaction is the only one that appears on the blockchain, while the numerous smaller transactions are conducted off-chain.

任何時候，任何一方都可以選擇關閉頻道，此時最終餘額已在比特幣區塊鏈上解決。這意味著只有兩項交易（開放和關閉通道）在鏈上記錄，這大大降低了比特幣網絡上的負載。最終交易是唯一出現在區塊鏈上的交易，而大量較小的交易是在鏈外進行的。

One of the most innovative aspects of the Lightning Network is its ability to route payments between multiple parties. If a user does not have a direct channel with another party, the Lightning Network can route the payment through a series of interconnected channels, enabling users to transact with anyone on the network. This routing feature increases the flexibility and utility of the Lightning Network, creating a decentralized web of channels for near-instant payments.

閃電網絡最具創新性的方面之一是其在多方之間進行付款的能力。如果用戶沒有與另一方的直接通道，則閃電網絡可以通過一系列互連頻道將付款路由付款，從而使用戶能夠與網絡上的任何人進行交易。該路由功能增加了閃電網絡的靈活性和實用性，創建了一個分散的渠道網絡，以供近乎固有的付款。

Bitcoin’s scalability problem stems from its design. Bitcoin’s Layer 1 has a relatively low transaction throughput, and as the number of users and transactions grows, the network becomes congested. The mempool starts to fill up with pending transactions, leading to higher fees and longer wait times for confirmations.

比特幣的可伸縮性問題源於其設計。比特幣的第1層的交易吞吐量相對較低，隨著用戶和交易的數量的增加，網絡變得擁擠。 Mempool開始充滿待處理的交易，導致更高的費用和更長的等待時間進行確認。

Layer 2 solutions like the Lightning Network alleviate this problem by enabling transactions to occur off-chain, thereby

諸如閃電網絡之類的第2層解決方案通過使交易越鏈，從而減輕了此問題