谷歌推出“Willow”量子芯片，迎来广泛创新和实际应用

科技巨头谷歌（纳斯达克股票代码：GOOGL）宣布推出一款新型量子芯片，有望迎来广泛的创新和现实应用

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Google (NASDAQ:GOOGL) has announced a new quantum chip that is expected to usher in widespread innovation and real-world application for quantum computing.

谷歌（纳斯达克股票代码：GOOGL）宣布推出一款新型量子芯片，有望引领量子计算的广泛创新和实际应用。

According to an official announcement on Monday (February 27), Google says the new chip can eliminate some errors commonly associated with quantum computing while demonstrating seamless performance. Dubbed “Willow,” the quantum chip has been in the works for over a decade and forms part of the roadmap Google has laid out.

根据周一（2 月 27 日）的官方公告，谷歌表示，新芯片可以消除一些通常与量子计算相关的错误，同时展示无缝性能。这款被称为“Willow”的量子芯片已经研发了十多年，是谷歌制定的路线图的一部分。

While quantum computers rely on qubits to measure their computations, the consensus is that errors increase alongside the number of qubits. However, a recent paper released in Nature reveals that the reverse is the case for Willow, as it can cut errors in half.

虽然量子计算机依靠量子位来测量其计算，但共识是错误随着量子位数量的增加而增加。然而，《自然》杂志最近发表的一篇论文表明，Willow 的情况正好相反，因为它可以将错误减少一半。

“This historic accomplishment is known in the field as “below threshold” — being able to drive errors down while scaling up the number of qubits,” read the announcement.

“这一历史性成就在该领域被称为“低于阈值”——能够在扩大量子比特数量的同时减少错误，”公告中写道。

Early studies indicate that Willow can achieve real-time error correction on a superconducting quantum system. The significance is that fixing errors during computation is key in ensuring overall accuracy, hinting at the prospects of mainstream use.

早期研究表明，Willow 可以在超导量子系统上实现实时纠错。其意义在于，修复计算过程中的错误是确保整体精度的关键，暗示了主流应用的前景。

In terms of performance, Willow blows its competition out of the water, performing advanced computations in under five minutes. Google says that the fastest supercomputers will take 10 septillion years to finish the same calculation, with Willow surpassing the random circuit sampling (RCS) benchmark.

在性能方面，Willow 击败了竞争对手，在五分钟内执行高级计算。谷歌表示，最快的超级计算机需要 10 亿年才能完成相同的计算，而 Willow 超越了随机电路采样 (RCS) 基准。

RCS is Google’s brainchild and is widely considered the standard quantum computer test. It confirms whether or not a task to be performed by a quantum computer can be done by a classic computer.

RCS 是 Google 的创意，被广泛认为是标准的量子计算机测试。它确认了量子计算机执行的任务是否可以由经典计算机完成。

Armed with 105 qubits, Willow excels in RCS and quantum error correction tests with improved excitation retainer times, a 5-fold improvement from previous chips.

Willow 配备 105 个量子位，在 RCS 和量子纠错测试方面表现出色，并改善了激发保持时间，比以前的芯片提高了 5 倍。

Eye on commercializationBefore Willow, the mainstream use of quantum computing appeared to be far off in the distant future. However, the tech giant says that enterprises can begin integrating quantum computers into their operations as early as 2028, with Google adopting a “useful, beyond classical” approach.

着眼于商业化 在 Willow 之前，量子计算的主流应用似乎还遥不可及。然而，这家科技巨头表示，企业最早可以在 2028 年开始将量子计算机集成到其运营中，谷歌将采用“有用的、超越经典”的方法。

“Google's advancement in quantum computing with Willow puts the likelihood of companies using quantum computers for business in the next two to three years,” said Dr. Erik Garcell, Director of Quantum Enterprise Development at Classiq, to one news outlet.

Classiq 量子企业开发总监 Erik Garcell 博士对一家新闻媒体表示：“谷歌通过 Willow 在量子计算方面取得的进步使得公司在未来两到三年内使用量子计算机开展业务的可能性。”

Despite the push into quantum computing, Google says it keeps an eye on innovation in classical computing and other emerging technologies that may be relevant to solving real-world commercial challenges.

尽管大力推进量子计算，但谷歌表示，它一直在关注经典计算和其他可能与解决现实世界商业挑战相关的新兴技术的创新。

Quantum threat to Bitcoin still decades away, says Bernstein analysts

伯恩斯坦分析师表示，比特币面临的量子威胁还需要几十年的时间

Google’s announcement of Willow has elicited a wave of excitement across the board, but digital asset enthusiasts are worried about the implication of a commercial release.

谷歌宣布推出 Willow 引起了广泛的关注，但数字资产爱好者对商业发布的影响感到担忧。

There is palpable fear that the new quantum chip may pose new threats to Bitcoin, with bad actors leveraging it to break and decrypt encryption codes. However, Bernstein analysts have downplayed the fears, noting that a direct threat to Bitcoin is still “decades away” from troubling the asset.

人们明显担心新的量子芯片可能会对比特币构成新的威胁，不法分子利用它来破解和解密加密代码。然而，伯恩斯坦分析师淡化了这种担忧，指出对比特币的直接威胁仍然“几十年后”才会给该资产带来麻烦。

Analysts spearheaded by Gautam Chhugani noted that Willow’s 105 qubits cannot breach Bitcoin’s Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). The ECDSA secures private keys and facilitates digital signatures for each transaction, with the SHA-256 serving as an additional layer of protection.

以 Gautam Chhugani 为首的分析师指出，Willow 的 105 个量子位无法违反比特币的椭圆曲线数字签名算法 (ECDSA)。 ECDSA 可保护私钥并促进每笔交易的数字签名，并使用 SHA-256 作为附加保护层。

According to Bernstein analysts, breaching ECDSA will require millions of qubits, a far cry from the 105 qubits possessed by the most advanced quantum chip.

Bernstein 分析师表示，突破 ECDSA 需要数百万个量子位，这与最先进量子芯片所拥有的 105 个量子位相去甚远。

Despite a direct threat being in the far future, Bernstein’s analysts urge for preemptive action to mitigate the risks associated with mainstream quantum computing. While several solutions have been floated, the most obvious choice appears to be a transition to quantum-resistant signatures to counter the use of quantum computing to decrypt encryption codes.

尽管在遥远的未来会出现直接威胁，但伯恩斯坦的分析师敦促采取先发制人的行动，以减轻与主流量子计算相关的风险。虽然已经提出了几种解决方案，但最明显的选择似乎是过渡到抗量子签名，以对抗使用量子计算来解密加密代码。

“Should Bitcoin contributors start preparing for the quantum future? Yes, but any practical threat to Bitcoin seems to remain decades away,” said the analysts. “Bitcoin contributors have also been pivoting to a transition to quantum-resistant encryption.”

“比特币贡献者应该开始为量子未来做准备吗？是的，但对比特币的任何实际威胁似乎还需要几十年的时间，”分析师表示。 “比特币贡献者也一直在转向抗量子加密的过渡。”

However, pivoting to quantum-resistant encryption will not be easy for the community. The worst-case scenario will involve a hard fork that could spark a schism over the dominant chain in an attempt to increase block sizes.

然而，对于社区来说，转向抗量子加密并不容易。最坏的情况将涉及硬分叉，这可能会引发主导链的分裂，以试图增加区块大小。

A soft fork might be an ideal solution, but experts say the process could take several years to complete. One group of experts opines that the earliest threats may appear in five years, eliminating a soft fork solution while pushing for an urgent fix.

软分叉可能是一个理想的解决方案，但专家表示该过程可能需要几年时间才能完成。一组专家认为，最早的威胁可能会在五年内出现，消除软分叉解决方案，同时推动紧急修复。

Capriole Investments Founder Charles Edwards argues that as little as logical 2500 qubits may be able to break the SHA-256 algorithm, casting doubt on the 300 million qubits touted by researchers.

Capriole Investments 创始人 Charles Edwards 认为，逻辑上只要 2500 个量子位就可能破解 SHA-256 算法，这对研究人员吹捧的 3 亿个量子位产生了怀疑。

Watch: Alex Ball on the future of tech—AI development and entrepreneurship

观看：Alex Ball 畅谈科技的未来——人工智能开发和创业