区块链网络的未来：互操作性及以后

区块链技术实际上比看起来更古老，但是基于它的区块链平台相对年轻。像任何这种现象一样，它突然出现并独立发展。

Blockchain technology has been around for longer than you might think, but the blockchain platforms based on it are relatively young. Like any such phenomenon, it emerges suddenly and evolves independently.

区块链技术的存在时间比您想象的要长，但是基于它的区块链平台相对年轻。像任何这种现象一样，它突然出现并独立发展。

This has created several related issues, namely the isolation of these platforms where each was developed with its vision, approach, and standards. Blockchain developers successfully work on filling this gap, but a lot of work is still ahead and there are several different approaches to blockchain network integration.

这创造了几个相关的问题，即隔离这些平台，每个平台都以其愿景，方法和标准开发。区块链开发人员成功地填补了这一空白，但是很多工作仍在领先，并且有几种不同的区块链网络集成方法。

Today we will look at what are the key challenges in achieving interoperability in blockchain technology. What are the advantages of blockchain interoperability? And what are the interoperable blockchain platforms that exist today?

今天，我们将研究实现区块链技术互操作性的关键挑战。区块链互操作性的优点是什么？当今存在什么可互操作的区块链平台？

Challenges for Cross-Chain Communication

跨链交流的挑战

As we mentioned earlier, because blockchain is an open technology, its implementation has been approached very differently without regard to the future popularity of other blockchain platforms and interoperability with them. This created many isolated blockchains that could not communicate with each other and made it difficult for Web3 to evolve in a coherent and uniform manner.

正如我们前面提到的，由于区块链是一种开放技术，因此其实施方法已大不相同，而没有考虑其他区块链平台的未来普及以及与它们的互操作性的普及。这创造了许多孤立的区块链，这些区块链无法相互交流，并且使Web3很难以连贯和统一的方式发展。

Lack of Standardization

缺乏标准化

The lack of an initial and unified standard or even established best practices for blockchain platform development and interoperability has created a problem of blockchain isolation. Everyone has developed their own vision, approaches, and standards making blockchain network integration technically impossible.

缺乏针对区块链平台开发和互操作性的初始和统一的标准，甚至建立了最佳实践，这引起了区块链隔离的问题。每个人都发展了自己的愿景，方法和标准，从而使区块链网络在技术上不可能。

Liquidity Fragmentation

流动性分裂

In turn, this also created the problem that the native tokens of each blockchain could not be natively integrated into the other. The lack of ability to seamlessly flow capital as a very basic problem severely stalled the development of Web3 as an industry.

反过来，这也造成了一个问题，即每个区块链的天然令牌都不能本地整合到另一个区域。缺乏无缝将资本作为一个非常基本的问题的能力严重停滞了Web3作为一个行业的发展。

Scalability Constraints

可伸缩性约束

Also, isolated blockchains can experience network overload and the inability to delegate processing. It can create many challenges such as network slowdowns, rising costs, and security issues that ultimately negatively impact scalability.

此外，孤立的区块链可以体验网络过载和无法委派处理。它可以带来许多挑战，例如网络放缓，成本上升和安全问题，最终会对可扩展性产生负面影响。

Security Risks

安全风险

Of course, blockchain security has also suffered from isolation. Finding a vulnerability in the protocol could result in all its assets risking being stolen or frozen without the ability to move them to another secure blockchain until the problem is resolved.

当然，区块链安全也遭受了隔离。在协议中找到脆弱性可能会导致其所有资产有被盗或冻结的风险，而无需将其移至另一个安全区块链之前，直到解决该问题。

Achieving Blockchain Interoperability

实现区块链互操作性

When the development of this became inevitable, and the capital invested in it became impossible to ignore – it became obvious that each individual platform, as well as the whole Web3 industry, required solutions that could bring blockchain interoperability benefits. And to solve this there were several views, each with its features.

当这一发展的发展变得不可避免时，投资的资本就变得不可能忽略了 - 很明显，每个平台以及整个Web3行业都需要解决区块链互操作性优势的解决方案。为了解决这个问题，有几种视图，每种都有其功能。

Blockchain Bridges

区块链桥

Centralized and decentralized blockchain bridges are separate, complementary solutions that work in conjunction with the main blockchains and help enable data exchange between them. Examples include Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), which allows Bitcoin to be used in the Ethereum ecosystem by locking it to a centralized custodian and issuing the equivalent amount of WBTC on the Ethereum network as an ERC-20 token. It is also an Avalanche Bridge (AB), which allows the transfer of Avalanche and Ethereum tokens using trusted relayers, while significantly increasing speed and reducing cost.

集中和分散的区块链桥是与主要区块链结合使用的单独的互补解决方案，并有助于启用它们之间的数据交换。示例包括包裹的比特币（WBTC），该比特币可以通过将其锁定在集中式的托管人中，并在以太坊网络上发出等效量的以太坊网络上的WBTC作为ERC-20代币。它也是一座雪崩桥（AB），它允许使用可信赖的递送器转移雪崩和以太坊令牌，同时大大提高了速度和降低成本。

The problem with centralized bridges is their vulnerability, namely a potential single point of failure, which in turn has given rise to decentralized bridges. The most prominent example is Wormhole, a decentralized blockchain bridge that connects Ethereum, Solana, and BNB Chain. But it doesn’t guarantee security either, and in particular, it was hacked in 2022.

集中桥的问题在于它们的脆弱性，即潜在的单点故障，这又导致了分散的桥梁。最突出的例子是虫洞，这是连接以太坊，索拉纳和BNB链的分散区块链桥。但这也不能保证安全性，尤其是在2022年被黑客入侵。

Layer Zero & Interoperability Protocols

零层和互操作性协议

There is also a more fundamental approach to solving the problem, namely seeking to provide a means not for interoperability between specific blockchains, but a foundation for interoperability between all. Of course, here there are several visions of how to approach and implement this too. Some have focused on developing a so-called Layer 0 blockchain as the underlying infrastructure for Layer 1 blockchains like Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc. Others instead of Layer 0 focused on developing decentralized middleware and interoperability protocol as such.

也有一种更基本的方法来解决该问题，即寻求提供特定区块链之间互操作性的手段，而是在所有方面之间的互操作性基础。当然，这里也有几种愿景，即如何处理和实施。有些人专注于开发一个所谓的第0层区块链作为第1层区块链（例如比特币，以太坊等）的基础基础结构。其他层而不是第0层专注于开发分散的中间人中间软件和互操作性协议。

IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication)

IBC（间链通信）

IBC is a cross-chain interoperability protocol that runs on top of Cosmos’ Layer 0 infrastructure and uses light clients and Merkle proofs to verify the state of the chains to ensure safe and reliable data transfer between independent blockchains. In turn, Tendermint’s consensus mechanism ensures transaction completeness within individual Cosmos chains, which connect into Cosmos Hub and implement their proprietary Hub-and-Spoke Model. This is a decentralized security model where each chain is responsible for its security while maintaining interoperability with each other. IBC can use this Layer 0 infrastructure for more efficient functioning, but it also supports direct interoperability between blockchains without Tendermint and Cosmos Hub.

IBC是一种跨链互操作性协议，它在Cosmos的第0层基础架构之上运行，并使用光线客户端和默克尔证明来验证链的状态，以确保独立区块链之间的安全可靠数据传输。反过来，Tendermint的共识机制可确保各个宇宙链中的交易完整性，这些宇宙链连接到宇宙中心并实施其专有的集线器模型。这是一个分散的安全模型，每个链条在维持彼此的互操作性的同时负责其安全性。 IBC可以使用此层0基础架构来提高功能，但它还支持没有Tendermint和Cosmos Hub的区块链之间的直接互操作性。

Cross-Consensus Messaging (XCM)

交叉传递消息（XCM）

XCM is another cross-chain interoperability protocol, but now from Polkadot, that communicates between parachains within Polkadot Layer 0 called Relay Chain, the general architecture of which we have described here.

XCM是另一个跨链互操作性协议，但现在来自Polkadot，它在Polkadot第0层中的降落伞之间进行通信，称为Relay链，我们在此处描述了一般体系结构。

Although XCM can exchange data directly between parachains, full functionality is achieved through the Relay Chain which coordinates interactions and also implements shared security for the entire Polkadot ecosystem using Polkadot Validators and nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus. As you may have noticed this is different from the decentralized security approach of Cosmos, which has its

尽管XCM可以直接在降落伞之间交换数据，但通过继电器链可以实现完整的功能，该链可以通过Polkadot验证器和提名的有验证剂（NPOS）共识来协调交互，并为整个Polkadot生态系统实现共享安全性。您可能已经注意到，这与宇宙的分散安全方法不同，宇宙具有