區塊鍊網絡的未來：互操作性及以後

區塊鏈技術實際上比看起來更古老，但是基於它的區塊鏈平台相對年輕。像任何這種現像一樣，它突然出現並獨立發展。

Blockchain technology has been around for longer than you might think, but the blockchain platforms based on it are relatively young. Like any such phenomenon, it emerges suddenly and evolves independently.

區塊鏈技術的存在時間比您想像的要長，但是基於它的區塊鏈平台相對年輕。像任何這種現像一樣，它突然出現並獨立發展。

This has created several related issues, namely the isolation of these platforms where each was developed with its vision, approach, and standards. Blockchain developers successfully work on filling this gap, but a lot of work is still ahead and there are several different approaches to blockchain network integration.

這創造了幾個相關的問題，即隔離這些平台，每個平台都以其願景，方法和標准開發。區塊鏈開發人員成功地填補了這一空白，但是很多工作仍在領先，並且有幾種不同的區塊鍊網絡集成方法。

Today we will look at what are the key challenges in achieving interoperability in blockchain technology. What are the advantages of blockchain interoperability? And what are the interoperable blockchain platforms that exist today?

今天，我們將研究實現區塊鏈技術互操作性的關鍵挑戰。區塊鏈互操作性的優點是什麼？當今存在什麼可互操作的區塊鏈平台？

Challenges for Cross-Chain Communication

跨鏈交流的挑戰

As we mentioned earlier, because blockchain is an open technology, its implementation has been approached very differently without regard to the future popularity of other blockchain platforms and interoperability with them. This created many isolated blockchains that could not communicate with each other and made it difficult for Web3 to evolve in a coherent and uniform manner.

正如我們前面提到的，由於區塊鍊是一種開放技術，因此其實施方法已大不相同，而沒有考慮其他區塊鏈平台的未來普及以及與它們的互操作性的普及。這創造了許多孤立的區塊鏈，這些區塊鏈無法相互交流，並且使Web3很難以連貫和統一的方式發展。

Lack of Standardization

缺乏標準化

The lack of an initial and unified standard or even established best practices for blockchain platform development and interoperability has created a problem of blockchain isolation. Everyone has developed their own vision, approaches, and standards making blockchain network integration technically impossible.

缺乏針對區塊鏈平台開發和互操作性的初始和統一的標準，甚至建立了最佳實踐，這引起了區塊鏈隔離的問題。每個人都發展了自己的願景，方法和標準，從而使區塊鍊網絡在技術上不可能。

Liquidity Fragmentation

流動性分裂

In turn, this also created the problem that the native tokens of each blockchain could not be natively integrated into the other. The lack of ability to seamlessly flow capital as a very basic problem severely stalled the development of Web3 as an industry.

反過來，這也造成了一個問題，即每個區塊鏈的天然令牌都不能本地整合到另一個區域。缺乏無縫將資本作為一個非常基本的問題的能力嚴重停滯了Web3作為一個行業的發展。

Scalability Constraints

可伸縮性約束

Also, isolated blockchains can experience network overload and the inability to delegate processing. It can create many challenges such as network slowdowns, rising costs, and security issues that ultimately negatively impact scalability.

此外，孤立的區塊鏈可以體驗網絡過載和無法委派處理。它可以帶來許多挑戰，例如網絡放緩，成本上升和安全問題，最終會對可擴展性產生負面影響。

Security Risks

安全風險

Of course, blockchain security has also suffered from isolation. Finding a vulnerability in the protocol could result in all its assets risking being stolen or frozen without the ability to move them to another secure blockchain until the problem is resolved.

當然，區塊鏈安全也遭受了隔離。在協議中找到脆弱性可能會導致其所有資產有被盜或凍結的風險，而無需將其移至另一個安全區塊鏈之前，直到解決該問題。

Achieving Blockchain Interoperability

實現區塊鏈互操作性

When the development of this became inevitable, and the capital invested in it became impossible to ignore – it became obvious that each individual platform, as well as the whole Web3 industry, required solutions that could bring blockchain interoperability benefits. And to solve this there were several views, each with its features.

當這一發展的發展變得不可避免時，投資的資本就變得不可能忽略了 - 很明顯，每個平台以及整個Web3行業都需要解決區塊鏈互操作性優勢的解決方案。為了解決這個問題，有幾種視圖，每種都有其功能。

Blockchain Bridges

區塊鏈橋

Centralized and decentralized blockchain bridges are separate, complementary solutions that work in conjunction with the main blockchains and help enable data exchange between them. Examples include Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), which allows Bitcoin to be used in the Ethereum ecosystem by locking it to a centralized custodian and issuing the equivalent amount of WBTC on the Ethereum network as an ERC-20 token. It is also an Avalanche Bridge (AB), which allows the transfer of Avalanche and Ethereum tokens using trusted relayers, while significantly increasing speed and reducing cost.

集中和分散的區塊鏈橋是與主要區塊鏈結合使用的單獨的互補解決方案，並有助於啟用它們之間的數據交換。示例包括包裹的比特幣（WBTC），該比特幣可以通過將其鎖定在集中式的託管人中，並在以太坊網絡上發出等效量的以太坊網絡上的WBTC作為ERC-20代幣。它也是一座雪崩橋（AB），它允許使用可信賴的遞送器轉移雪崩和以太坊令牌，同時大大提高了速度和降低成本。

The problem with centralized bridges is their vulnerability, namely a potential single point of failure, which in turn has given rise to decentralized bridges. The most prominent example is Wormhole, a decentralized blockchain bridge that connects Ethereum, Solana, and BNB Chain. But it doesn’t guarantee security either, and in particular, it was hacked in 2022.

集中橋的問題在於它們的脆弱性，即潛在的單點故障，這又導致了分散的橋樑。最突出的例子是蟲洞，這是連接以太坊，索拉納和BNB鏈的分散區塊鏈橋。但這也不能保證安全性，尤其是在2022年被黑客入侵。

Layer Zero & Interoperability Protocols

零層和互操作性協議

There is also a more fundamental approach to solving the problem, namely seeking to provide a means not for interoperability between specific blockchains, but a foundation for interoperability between all. Of course, here there are several visions of how to approach and implement this too. Some have focused on developing a so-called Layer 0 blockchain as the underlying infrastructure for Layer 1 blockchains like Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc. Others instead of Layer 0 focused on developing decentralized middleware and interoperability protocol as such.

也有一種更基本的方法來解決該問題，即尋求提供特定區塊鏈之間互操作性的手段，而是在所有方面之間的互操作性基礎。當然，這裡也有幾種願景，即如何處理和實施。有些人專注於開發一個所謂的第0層區塊鏈作為第1層區塊鏈（例如比特幣，以太坊等）的基礎基礎結構。其他層而不是第0層專注於開發分散的中間人中間軟件和互操作性協議。

IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication)

IBC（間鏈通信）

IBC is a cross-chain interoperability protocol that runs on top of Cosmos’ Layer 0 infrastructure and uses light clients and Merkle proofs to verify the state of the chains to ensure safe and reliable data transfer between independent blockchains. In turn, Tendermint’s consensus mechanism ensures transaction completeness within individual Cosmos chains, which connect into Cosmos Hub and implement their proprietary Hub-and-Spoke Model. This is a decentralized security model where each chain is responsible for its security while maintaining interoperability with each other. IBC can use this Layer 0 infrastructure for more efficient functioning, but it also supports direct interoperability between blockchains without Tendermint and Cosmos Hub.

IBC是一種跨鏈互操作性協議，它在Cosmos的第0層基礎架構之上運行，並使用光線客戶端和默克爾證明來驗證鏈的狀態，以確保獨立區塊鏈之間的安全可靠數據傳輸。反過來，Tendermint的共識機制可確保各個宇宙鏈中的交易完整性，這些宇宙鏈連接到宇宙中心並實施其專有的集線器模型。這是一個分散的安全模型，每個鏈條在維持彼此的互操作性的同時負責其安全性。 IBC可以使用此層0基礎架構來提高功能，但它還支持沒有Tendermint和Cosmos Hub的區塊鏈之間的直接互操作性。

Cross-Consensus Messaging (XCM)

交叉傳遞消息（XCM）

XCM is another cross-chain interoperability protocol, but now from Polkadot, that communicates between parachains within Polkadot Layer 0 called Relay Chain, the general architecture of which we have described here.

XCM是另一個跨鏈互操作性協議，但現在來自Polkadot，它在Polkadot第0層中的降落傘之間進行通信，稱為Relay鏈，我們在此處描述了一般體系結構。

Although XCM can exchange data directly between parachains, full functionality is achieved through the Relay Chain which coordinates interactions and also implements shared security for the entire Polkadot ecosystem using Polkadot Validators and nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus. As you may have noticed this is different from the decentralized security approach of Cosmos, which has its

儘管XCM可以直接在降落傘之間交換數據，但通過繼電器鏈可以實現完整的功能，該鏈可以通過Polkadot驗證器和提名的有驗證劑（NPOS）共識來協調交互，並為整個Polkadot生態系統實現共享安全性。您可能已經註意到，這與宇宙的分散安全方法不同，宇宙具有