Nanobots Could Be the Future of Bladder Cancer Treatment

A new study explores the use of nanobots to distribute tumor-killing medications more efficiently to patients. The results could have a resounding effect on treatment moving forward.

A new study explores the use of nanobots to distribute tumor-killing medications more efficiently to patients. The researchers employed tiny self-propelled machines that could penetrate deeper into bladder cancer tumors when compared to current methods. The results could have a resounding effect on treatment moving forward. Here's everything you need to know.

Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the leading causes of death around the world. A recent study by the American Cancer Society projected around 82K people will be diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2023 alone. Of those diagnosed, around 16.5K will not survive the ordeal. As such, it's easy to see why there's considerable effort put towards helping to reduce the number of people who will be affected by bladder cancer in the coming years.

The main causes of bladder cancer are smoking, workplace exposure to carcinogens, dietary factors, genes, diesel exhaust exposure, and radiotherapy. Notably, around 75% of confirmed bladder cancer tumors are non-muscle-invasive, meaning the cancer is located only on the inner layer of cells.

Current Treatment

The current methods of treating bladder cancer are effective and not dangerous. However, they leave lots of room for improvement. The most common procedure involves administering drugs directly to the bladder. The problem with treating bladders versus other organs is that it's designed to flush out toxins with urine constantly.

This urine, coupled with sedimentation, results in a low therapeutic efficacy. Drugs can find it hard to fully diffuse in a urine-rich environment that is constantly swapping out fluids to remain clean. Additionally, it's difficult to get the medication in all corners of the bladder, which results in some cell layers being untreated.

These untreated cells can become future tumors and lead to the patient having to undergo multiple procedures and monitoring to ensure effectiveness for the following 5 years after treatment. Thankfully, researchers have put many years into figuring out the best way to deliver these life-giving drugs, and this latest development shows massive potential.

Nanobots Study

The study, “Urease-powered nanobots for radionuclide bladder cancer therapy,” was published in Nature Nanotechnology. In the paper, scientists discuss the use of radiolabeled mesoporous silica-based urease-powered nanobots to improve bladder cancer treatment procedures. Specifically, the engineers wanted to see how the nanoparticles penetrated the bladder walls and dispersed across the organs.

Source – Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) and CIC biomaGUNE.

Nanomachines

The nanobots used in this experiment are shaped like porous spheres. They Are made of silica and are designed to self-propel when exposed to the protein urease, which is found in urine. The researchers monitored as the silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) moved about the organ, reaching the deepest corners. Specifically, the nanobots move using ammonia and CO2 created by the asymmetric decomposition of urease around the device.

Test

The testing phase involved two lab mice, vivo and ex vivo. Both mice suffered from bladder cancer tumors located deep within their organs. The researchers injected nanoparticles directly into the patients so the team could study the maneuverability of the nanoparticles and their accumulation within the organ. Notably, the mice were made to change position every 30 minutes to help facilitate equal dispersion across the organ. Here's what was learned.

Murine Tests

Murine tests were used to study the level of penetration achieved by the nanoparticles. To accomplish this task, the team used radio-iodinated nanobots. The team relied on the commonly used Iodine-131 and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to see exactly what layers were treated.

Optical System

The engineers created a new fluorescence microscopy system developed at IRB Barcelona. This new optical testing process provides an in-depth 3d model demonstrating penetration levels across the organ. Specifically, a system that used Label-free optical contrast based on polarization-dependent scattered light-sheet microscopy of cleared bladders made the process easier. It eliminated the light usually refracted by the liver, which made it much easier to confirm the nanoparticle's movement.

Results

The test results were eye-opening. The new process was able to achieve far better dispersion and penetration versus traditional methods. Specifically, a single dose of urea-powered, radionuclide-carrying nanorobots successfully reduced the size of tumors in the test subjects by 90%. Interestingly, the team discovered that the nanobots were able to break down the wall of the bladder and the extracellular wall of the tumor by altering Ph levels.

Benefits

There are several benefits that the new bladder cancer study makes possible. For one, it shows enhanced diffusion and mixing capabilities. As such, it makes treatments more effective. The self-propelled nanobots can enter and spread across the bladder using urine as the catalyst, creating a more efficient approach.

Pierce Tumor Wall

The new process sent nanobots colliding with the urothelium. In the past