tBTC is Threshold’s flagship application. tBTC is tokenized Bitcoin that is completely permissionless (i.e. has no custodian), which allows anyone to tokenize their Bitcoin and use it in DeFi applications without sacrificing privacy or risking censorship.

Threshold provides a suite of cryptographic building blocks for privacy, access controls, and cross-chain bridges, including: * Proxy re-encryption (PRE) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_re-encryption) * Threshold signatures (TSS) (https://academy.binance.com/en/articles/threshold-signatures-explained) * Distributed key generation (DKG) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_key_generation) * Random beacon (RB) (https://blog.keep.network/whats-in-a-beacon-12c34b0bc078)

The T token is primarily used to stake a node. Node operators receive fees from various applications that rely on the Threshold network’s cryptographic primitives. The T token is also a governance token and users can lock the token in coverage pools to earn yield in exchange for underwriting collateral risk in the network.

The T token is both a utility token for the Threshold Network and a governance token for the Threshold DAO.

The Threshold network provides and maintains a suite of cryptographic primitives for several dApps. The network is the product of the protocol merger between the Keep Network and NuCypher, which was finalized on January 1, 2022 with the launch of the T token.

As of June 2021, CFG tokens can be traded on the [BitZ](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/bitz/) platform. If you want to find out more about buying crypto, feel free to read our detailed [guide](https://coinmarketcap.com/how-to-buy-bitcoin/).

Users pay transaction fees in CFG tokens and transaction aggregators on Polkadot receive a share of the fee for processing and storing data. These measures, as well as the NPoS (Nominated Proof-of-Stake) mechanism and the CFG rewards, encourage users to operate fairly and select data collators that provide censorship resistance. Overall, most of the security comes from the Polkadot relay chain. The use of Polkadot's protective mechanisms provides Centrifuge with a high level of security at a low cost.

CFG is the native token of the Centrifuge and it powers the entire network. There are three major use cases for CFG: staking, paying transaction fees and governance participation. The token is also used to reward the liquidity providers on Tinlake. As of June 2021, the total supply is 425,000,000 CFG, growing at a rate of 3% per year. The total supply of CFG tokens are distributed as follows: 27% to core contributors, 17.1% to total backers, 7.3% to rewards and grants, 9.5% to the community sale, 11.8% to foundation endowment, 7.1% to community grants, 10.8% to development grants and 8.3% to the early ecosystem. CFG sale took place on May 26, 2021, on Coinlist. The event was held in two stages and the supply of tokens was limited at 17 million for each round.

The Centrifuge protocol tokenizes real-world assets by converting them to non-fungible tokens ([NFTs](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/non-fungible-token)). After that, they are funded through Tinlake. Tinlake is the first DApp built on the Centrifuge chain. It was created to access liquidity on Ethereum, while CFG has its own bridge to Ethereum. The features of Centrifuge include integration with other DeFi protocols. This feature allows Centrifuge users to get liquidity without slowdowns and protects DeFi protocols from destabilizing events by adding uncorrelated collateral. As a result, the cumulative risks are reduced and predatory lending and banks are replaced by [smart contracts](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/smart-contract). As of June 2021, Centrifuge has the highest total value locked (TVL) on the Polkadot ecosystem. Moreover, the project claims to be among the first to launch a [parachain](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-are-parachains-2) on Polkadot. When the team designed the Centrifuge chain, operational speed and low fees were prioritized.

Centrifuge was launched in 2017 by Lucas Vogelsang and Martin Quensel. Lucas Vogelsang is the founding engineer at Centrifuge and holds the position of the company’s CEO. Vogelsang co-founded e-commerce startup DeinDeal in 2010. After successfully selling DeinDeal to Ringier, he started working on another startup — KaufDA. Later, Vogelsang relocated to Silicon Valley to join Taulia as technical manager. In October 2017, he co-founded Centrifuge. Martin Quensel is a co-founder at Centrifuge and its current COO. Prior to Centrifuge, he co-founded Taulia. Quensel began his career at SAP as a software developer and architect.

Centrifuge is a decentralized asset financing protocol. It connects decentralized finance ([DeFi](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-decentralized-finance)) with real-world assets (RWA) while trying to lower the cost of capital for small and mid-size enterprises (SMEs) and provide investors with a stable source of income. The main goal of the project is to generate profits that are not tied to volatile crypto assets; the developers are pursuing the task of transferring real monetary value from fiat to cryptocurrencies. Companies are using Centrifuge to access the liquidity that DeFi has to offer. They can tokenize real assets and use these tokens as collateral to access financing through Tinlake, a decentralized application ([DApp](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps)) lending protocol. The Centrifuge blockchain is built on Polkadot ([DOT](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/polkadot-new/)) for speed and low fees, while its financial DApp Tinlake is built to access Ethereum ([ETH](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/)) liquidity. Centrifuge provides liquidity to everyone and investors receive income and rewards in the form of CFG tokens. Centrifuge links assets such as invoices, real estate and royalties with decentralized finance (DeFi). Additionally, borrowers benefit from the fact that they can finance their real assets without banks or other intermediaries.

NEM is a blockchain platform that was launched in March of 2015. It was one of the pioneers of the cryptocurrency industry, and sought to improve on the imperfections found on other chains at the time. It was one of the first non-turing complete chains to feature user-defined tokens (called mosaics), namespaces, multisignature accounts, and a P2P reputation system based on [EigenTrust++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EigenTrust). Its most notable contribution to the space is the [proof-of-importance](https://smithandcrown.com/glossary/proof-of-importance/) consensus mechanism, which sought to reward on-chain activity and deter the concentration of wealth commonly associated with proof-of-stake. Its client, [NIS](https://github.com/NemProject/nis), is written in Java. NEM has a global community. It sees the most utility as an alternative form of payment for businesses and vendors, and has a variety of social media apps built on top of it in Japan, such as [nemgraph](https://nemgraph.net/), a community-driven owned and operated alternative to Instagram. In December 2021, NEM was hard forked by a pseudonymous team of cryptocurrency experts and enthusiasts alike. Titled Harlock, this hard fork signaled the community’s intent to take NEM from a shadow of its former self into the world’s leading payments platform for on-chain and off-chain media content.

ETHW is currently tradable on most major [exchanges](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum-pow/markets/)

ETHPoW sticks to the same proof-of-work mechanism Ethereum mainnet had been using since its inception before the Merge. The scheduled [difficulty bomb](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/ethereum-s-arrow-glacier-upgrade-to-delay-ice-age-s-difficulty-bomb-till-summer-2022) has been completely removed, so ETHPoW can continue to be mined.

With ETHW initially forking the Ethereum blockchain, the chain would start with the same [circulating supply](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/circulating-supply) as proof-of-stake Ethereum. However, since the ETH 2.0 staking contract 0x00000000219ab540356cBB839Cbe05303d7705Fa only has a "deposit" function, those staked ETH cannot be withdrawn on EthereumPoW. Hence the circulating supply of ETHW is reduced by 13,712,994.

EthereumPoW has cloned the state of Ethereum at the block height of the Merge. That allows [DApp](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/decentralized-applications-dapps) developers and [stablecoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/stablecoin) issuers to choose which Ethereum chain they support — or copying the app states too, which would double the DApps and liquidity on Ethereum to EthereumPoW. You can read more about the differences between the two chains in our [Ethereum PoS vs Ethereum PoW article](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/ethereum-proof-of-work-pow-vs-ethereum-proof-of-stake-pos).

EthereumPoW is supported by people from all over the world who prefer PoW to PoS or who simply want to keep both options(PoW and PoS) for builders and users on Ethereum.

EthereumPoW (ETHW) is a [hard fork](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/hard-fork-blockchain) of [Ethereum](https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ethereum/) blockchain with the [Ethereum Merge](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/the-eth-merge-trade). The Merge saw Ethereum transition to [proof-of-stake](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos), while the forked version remains on [proof-of-work](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-work-pow). Read: [All You Ever Wanted to Learn About the Ethereum Merge](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/all-you-ever-wanted-to-learn-about-the-ethereum-merge)

CSPR is available for trading on a growing number of exchanges, with a number of [stablecoin](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/article/what-is-a-stablecoin) trading pairs currently available. [Huobi Global](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/huobi-global/) is currently the most active platform for trading CSPR, and other available exchanges include: * [OKEx](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/okex/) * [Gate.io](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/gate-io/) * [Coinlist Pro](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/coinlist-pro/) * [ZB](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/zb-com/)

The Casper Network relies on a PoS consensus mechanism for its network security. PoS depends on token staking to select node validators, which allows the consensus to be extremely versatile and scalable. Unlike the proof-of-work ([PoW](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-work-pow)) consensus used by the Bitcoin blockchain, PoS does not require huge amounts of electrical or computing power to perform validations and to add new blocks to the chain. Casper also employs the Correct-by-Construction (CBC) Casper specification, which utilizes an upgraded approach to Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) applications. Casper’s enterprise-grade architecture has completed multiple security audits, most recently with Trail of Bits in January 2021, which found zero high severity results and confirmed that Casper “showed proper use of security hygiene.”

The initial circulating supply of CSPR breaks down as follows: * 400M CSPR released from the freely traded tranche of Casper’s Public Sale on [Coinlist](http://coinlist.co/casper). * Approximately 183M CSPR provided as liquidity to exchanges * The portion of seigniorage estimated to be allocated to the released tokens above to date. This number updates in real time as seigniorage is issued. Additional tranches of CSPR are held by various ecosystem participants, including Validator Node operators, the Casper Foundation, the Team and Advisors, the DAO in charge of Developer Incentives and CasperLabs AG, as shown in the chart below. .

Casper is a unique utilization of blockchain technology and the proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus method. Because of its completely decentralized approach, the network is extremely versatile in terms of use cases. Not only that, Casper boasts a future-proof design, with upgradeable smart contracts and predictable gas fees for transactions. Additionally, Casper is introducing a new standard for blockchain energy consumption, and is [136,000% more energy-efficient than Bitcoin](https://blog.casperlabs.io/new-power-usage-report-shows-the-casper-networks-impressive-energy-efficiency-relative-to-other-blockchain-protocols). The innovative Correct-by-Construction (CBC) Casper specification is a remarkable feature of the network. This specification allows for the rapid adoption of blockchain services on all enterprise levels. By relying on the PoS consensus, Casper ensures scalability and database management solutions. Casper and the CSPR token are the result of years of research by CasperLabs. Further, CasperLabs exists to provide enterprise-level services and support for organizations building on the Casper Network, similar to how Red Hat supports organizations building within the Linux ecosystem. Thanks to the team’s unique experience running services at enterprise software organizations like Adobe, Avalara and Google, CasperLabs is uniquely poised to elevate Casper as the de facto blockchain for the growing number of enterprise organizations that want to build in Web3 environments, but require more dedicated levels of support than are possible from open-source, decentralized projects.

Launched on mainnet on March 30, 2021, Casper is the first live proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain built off the Casper CBC specification. The Casper platform is designed to boost the adoption of [blockchain technology](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/blockchain), smart contracts, and DApps on a global scale. With its future-proof architecture, Casper is designed to ensure the platform is continually developed according to the evolving needs of its users, and that it’s maximally accessible to developers of all backgrounds. As per the official whitepaper, Casper is optimized to suit both enterprise and developer needs. Casper’s mission is to usher in a new era for Web3, as demand for intuitive, interconnected services continues to grow across the board. Casper does so by solving the adoption trilemma: offering enterprise-grade security, scalability and decentralization all within the same blockchain protocol.

Gas is a token created on the NEO blockchain platform with primary purpose of being fees for processing transactions on the NEO network.

POLYX can be purchased on various centralized exchanges such as [Binance](https://www.binance.com/en/trade/POLYX_USDT?ref=40896146&theme=dark&type=spot), [Huobi](https://www.huobi.com/en-us/trade/polyx_usdt?inviter_id=11345710&invite_code=zh5i6223), [Crypto.com](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/crypto-com-exchange/), [Upbit](https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/upbit/), [Gate.io](https://www.gate.io/trade/POLYX_USDT) and more. Keep track of POLYX live prices in real-time with the [CMC mobile app](https://coinmarketcap.com/mobile/).

Polymesh employs a nominated [proof-of-stake](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos) [consensus mechanism](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/consensus-mechanism), incentivizing node operators and stakers to collaborate in guiding the chain's evolution. Staking secures the network by aligning the economic interests of both parties through rewards and penalties in POLYX. The mechanism determines which blocks are added to the chain, as well as roles, rules, and incentives. Stakers, who are verified POLYX holders, back their chosen node operators with POLYX, and both parties receive rewards or fines based on the node operator's performance in maintaining their node and following Polymesh rules

According to Polymesh’s whitepaper, Polymath's [ERC20](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/erc-20) token, POLY, has a total supply of 1 billion tokens. While it is assumed that the majority of POLY will be converted to POLYX, the overall supply of POLYX will not have a fixed or predetermined upper limit. The supply of POLYX will increase over time to fund block rewards and support the [Proof-of-Stake](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/proof-of-stake-pos) consensus mechanism of Polymesh. POLYX has a total supply of 796,445,050 tokens with 668,429,821 POLYX in circulation.

Polymesh prioritizes regulated assets, leveraging its expertise in the ERC-1400 — a standard for security tokens proposed by Polymath — to strike a balance between global accessibility and regulatory compliance. In Polymesh, actions on the blockchain are carried out through identities, which offer a more comprehensive and secure approach compared to the public key systems commonly seen in other blockchains. These identities possess universal permissions, granting authorized authorities access across the Polymesh network. The architecture of the blockchain enables the transfer of [security tokens](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/security-token) to be securely recorded, eliminating the need for third-party verification of ownership information. This effectively bridges the information gap between token holders and issuers. Polymesh also safeguards token holder privacy during voting processes while leveraging the transparency of the public blockchain for its ‘’Corporate Governance’’ feature. This dual approach reduces the risk of manipulation and ensures fair and tamper-proof voting. Beyond security tokens, Polymesh also extends its support to [stablecoins](https://coinmarketcap.com/alexandria/glossary/stablecoin). These stablecoins, issued by authorized and well-capitalized third parties, can be pegged to various currencies. They facilitate cost-effective on-chain activities and efficient cash distributions.

The Polymesh Association's core team consists of Chris Housser (Head of Strategy), Adam Dossa (Head of Blockchain), Graeme Moore (Head of Tokenization), William Vaz-Jones (Head of Partnership Development), Robert Jakabosky (Head of Applied Blockchain Research), Francis O’Brien (Head of Developer Relations) and Nick Cafaro (Head of Product).