Sidechain开发人员Starkware和Weizmann科学研究所声称为多个比特币脚本限制创建了解决方法。

根据最近的一份研究论文，新设计声称允许以更高的资本效率方式部署比特币上的复杂智能合约。

Researchers from Weizmann Institute of Science and StarkWare have reportedly created a workaround for multiple Bitcoin script limitations, aiming to enable the deployment of complex smart contracts on the blockchain in a more capital-efficient manner.

据报道，来自魏兹曼科学与史塔克斯（Starkware）研究所的研究人员已经为多个比特币脚本限制创建了一个解决方法，旨在以更高的资本效率如何在区块链上部署复杂的智能合约。

The new system, named ColliderVM, is also claimed to be vastly more efficient from a computing point of view. It may also pave the way for the use of Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge (STARKs) on Bitcoin without requiring consensus-level changes to the network.

从计算的角度来看，新系统（名为ColliderVM）也被认为更有效。它也可能为在比特币上使用可扩展的透明知识参数（Starks）铺平了道路，而无需对网络的共识级别更改。

The architecture would allow Bitcoin to verify complex offchain computations using minimal onchain data. It is also capable of handling multi-step processes that are executed over multiple transactions.

该体系结构将允许比特币使用最小的OnChain数据验证复杂的离链计算。它还能够处理在多个交易中执行的多步骤过程。

Each Bitcoin block can contain up to 4 million OPCodes (commands) across all transactions, and a single Bitcoin script can contain up to 1,000 stack elements (data entries).

每个比特币块都可以包含所有交易中最多400万个Opcodes（命令），并且单个比特币脚本最多可包含1,000个堆栈元素（数据输入）。

Furthermore, stateless execution means that each script executes without memory of previous state or intermediate computations from earlier transactions, making complex computations nearly impossible.

此外，无状态执行意味着每个脚本在不对先前状态或中间交易中的中间计算内存执行，从而使复杂的计算几乎不可能。

The researchers argue that ColliderVM could allow the use of STARKs — a type of zero-knowledge proof — on Bitcoin without requiring consensus-level changes to the network. The architecture would let Bitcoin verify complex offchain computations with minimal onchain data.

研究人员认为，ColliderVM可以允许在比特币上使用Starks（一种零知识证明），而无需对网络的共识级变化。该体系结构将使比特币使用最小的OnChain数据来验证复杂的离子计算。

ColliderVM: A new system for capital-efficient smart contracts on Bitcoin

ColliderVM：一种用于比特币资本效率智能合约的新系统

Earlier research from 2023 by Robin Linus from Bitcoin research firm ZeroSync explored the possibility of using fraud proofs to enable the efficient execution of complex smart contracts on Bitcoin.

比特币研究公司Robin Linus从2023年开始的较早研究探索了使用欺诈证据来有效执行比特币上复杂的智能合约的可能性。

This approach, named BitVM, required operators to front capital for potential corrective actions in case of fraud. In the BitVM system, operators pay an advance to cover potentially fraudulent transactions, recovering the capital after the fraud-proof window closes.

这种名为BITVM的方法要求操作员在欺诈时进行纠正措施。在BITVM系统中，运营商支付了预付款，以涵盖潜在的欺诈性交易，并在防欺诈窗口关闭后恢复了资本。

The new system is also more efficient from a computing point of view, compared with previous implementations, but still expensive. Previous implementations used cryptographic one-time signatures (Lamport and Winternitz) that were notably computationally heavy.

与以前的实现相比，从计算的角度来看，新系统也更有效，但仍然昂贵。以前的实现使用了一个密码的一次性特征（Lamport和Winternitz），这些特征在计算上显得较重。

ColliderVM draws from the November 2024 ColliderScript paper by researchers from StarkWare, Cloudflare and Bitcoin sidechain developer Blockstream. This system relies on a hash collision-based commitment setting a challenge to produce an input that, when run through a hash function, produces an output with pre-determined features.

ColliderVM从2024年11月的ColliderScript论文中汲取了Starkware，Cloudflare和Bitcoin Sidechain开发人员BlockStream的研究人员。该系统依赖于基于哈希碰撞的承诺设定挑战，以产生输入，该输入通过哈希功能运行时会产生具有预定功能的输出。

This setup requires significantly fewer computing resources from honest operators than from malicious actors.

与恶意演员相比，这种设置需要从诚实运营商那里的计算资源要少得多。

Computational resources needed by honest and malicious actors depending on collision difficulty. | Source: ColliderVM paper

诚实和恶意参与者所需的计算资源取决于碰撞困难。 |资料来源：ColliderVM纸

A hash is a non-reversible mathematical function that can be run on arbitrary data, producing a fixed-length alphanumeric string. Non-reversible means that it is impossible to run the computation in reverse to obtain the original data from a hash. This results in a sort of data ID identifying data to the bit, without containing any underlying data.

哈希是一种非可逆数学函数，可以在任意数据上运行，产生固定长度字母数字字符串。非可逆性意味着不可能反向运行计算以从哈希获得原始数据。这会导致某种数据ID将数据识别到位，而无需包含任何基本数据。

This system — somewhat resembling Bitcoin (BTC) mining — requires significantly fewer hash operations compared to BitVM, reducing both script size and processing time. ColliderVM researchers claim to have reduced the number of those operations even further, by at least a factor of 10,000.

与BITVM相比，该系统（有点像比特币（BTC）挖掘）所需的哈希操作要少得多，从而减少了脚本大小和处理时间。 ColliderVM的研究人员声称，这些操作的数量将进一步减少至少10,000倍。

The researchers suggest that this implementation is nearly making a STARKs-based Bitcoin sidechain practical. The paper notes that STARKs are a ZK-proof system recognized for their scalability and trustless nature (no trusted setup is needed).

研究人员认为，这种实施几乎使基于鲜明的比特币Sidechain实用。纸张指出，Starks是一种以其可扩展性和无信任性（不需要值得信赖的设置）认可的ZK-PROFFROD系统。

STARKs: A trustless and scalable ZK-proof system

Starks：一个无信任且可扩展的ZK-PON-PO-PONS SYSTEM

Many early ZK-proof systems required a one-time secure setup that relied on “toxic waste” data. If a party were to keep hold of the toxic waste, it would allow them to forge signatures and generate fraudulent proofs. STARKs do not rely on such a setup, making them trustless.

许多早期的ZK-PROFFROD系统需要一次性安全设置，以依靠“有毒废物”数据。如果一方要抓住有毒废物，则可以使他们伪造并产生欺诈性证据。 Starks并不依赖于这样的设置，使其无信任。

Traditional implementation of STARK verifiers would require scripts that exceed Bitcoin’s limits. Now, researchers behind ColliderVM argue that their more efficient system approaches make an onchain verification script for STARK-proofs “nearly practical.”

Stark验证者的传统实现将需要超过比特币限制的脚本。现在，ColliderVM背后的研究人员认为，他们更有效的系统方法使“几乎实用”的鲜明验证脚本“几乎实用”。

Bitcoin is widely considered the most secure and reliable blockchain, but its critics often point out that its feature set is significantly more limited when compared to many altcoins. Sidechains such as Blockstream’s Liquid exist, but are not trustless.

比特币被普遍认为是最安全，最可靠的区块链，但其批评家通常指出，与许多AltCoins相比，其功能集更加有限。存在诸如Blockstream的液体之类的侧链，但并非没有信任。

Director of research at blockchain firm Blockstream and mathematician Andrew Poelstra told Cointelegraph as far back as 2020 that ZK-proof-based systems are “one of the most exciting areas of development” in the cryptography space. Cypherpunk, a developer cited in the Bitcoin white paper and Blockstream founder, explained in a 2014 paper that more work was needed to implement trustless ZK-proof-based sidechains on Bitcoin.

区块链公司Blockstream和数学家Andrew Poelstra的研究总监告诉Cointelegraph，早在2020年，基于ZK-Progroof的系统是加密领域中“最令人兴奋的开发领域之一”。在比特币白皮书和Blockstream创始人中引用的开发人员Cypherpunk在2014年的一份论文中解释说，需要更多的工作来实施基于ZK-Progronvice ZK-PROFFARE的SIDECHAINS上的比特币。

Still, even 10 years later, a system based on ColliderVM would be trust-minimized rather than trustless. This is because users would still need to trust that at least a minimal subset of network participants will act honestly to ensure the correct functioning of the system.

尽管如此，即使在十年后，基于Collidervm的系统将被信任最小而不是信任。这是因为用户仍然需要相信，至少一个网络参与者的最小子集将诚实地采取行动，以确保系统的正确功能。

The study’s lead authors include Eli Ben

该研究的主要作者包括Eli Ben