Polkadot 的平行链：互操作性和可扩展性的综合分析

平行链是 Polkadot 区块链生态系统的核心概念，提供可扩展性和互操作性解决方案。与传统区块链不同，Polkadot 作为托管多个第一层区块链（“平行链”）的“中继链”运行。每个平行链都专注于特定的用例，从而实现“区块链网络”，它们可以使用 Polkadot 的 DOT 代币作为通用货币进行无缝交互。平行链利用中继链的共识机制和安全保证，维持自己的治理、交易费用和奖励。这种架构通过利用多个平行链来支持各种应用程序和服务，类似于欧盟促进不同国家之间经济一体化的方式。

Polkadot's Parachains: A Comprehensive Analysis of Interoperability and Scalability

Polkadot 的平行链：互操作性和可扩展性的综合分析

Amidst the burgeoning landscape of blockchain projects, the pursuit of interoperability and scalability remains a paramount concern. Polkadot, a cutting-edge blockchain platform, has emerged as a pivotal player in this arena, introducing a novel approach to these challenges through its concept of parachains.

在区块链项目蓬勃发展的背景下，对互操作性和可扩展性的追求仍然是最重要的问题。 Polkadot 是一个尖端的区块链平台，已成为该领域的关键参与者，通过其平行链概念引入了一种新颖的方法来应对这些挑战。

Parachains: A Paradigm Shift in Blockchain Architecture

平行链：区块链架构的范式转变

Unlike traditional blockchains like Ethereum, Polkadot is not designed to offer an extensive range of intrinsic functionalities. Instead, it serves as a "Relay Chain," a foundational infrastructure upon which multiple parallel layer-1 blockchains, known as parachains, can coexist and operate seamlessly.

与以太坊等传统区块链不同，Polkadot 的设计目的并不是提供广泛的内在功能。相反，它充当“中继链”，这是一种基础设施，多个并行的第一层区块链（称为平行链）可以共存并无缝运行。

These distinct blockchains can be tailored to specific use cases, collectively forming an "internet of blockchains." Notably, they all natively employ Polkadot's DOT token as a common currency, fostering a cohesive ecosystem.

这些不同的区块链可以根据特定的用例进行定制，共同形成“区块链的互联网”。值得注意的是，它们本身都使用 Polkadot 的 DOT 代币作为通用货币，从而培育了一个有凝聚力的生态系统。

By design, the Relay Chain eschews support for features such as smart contracts, decentralized applications (dapps), and asset transfers. Instead, its primary function is to facilitate consensus among diverse parachains engaged in more user-facing activities.

从设计上来说，中继链避开了对智能合约、去中心化应用程序 (dapp) 和资产转移等功能的支持。相反，它的主要功能是促进参与更多面向用户的活动的不同平行链之间达成共识。

This fundamental layer, classified as a "Layer-0 blockchain," leverages a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, akin to Ethereum's post-Merge implementation. This mechanism employs Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extension (BABE), a protocol derived from Ouroboros, originally developed by computer scientist Aggelos Kiayias and shared by Cardano.

这个基础层被归类为“Layer-0 区块链”，利用权益证明共识机制，类似于以太坊的合并后实施。该机制采用区块链扩展盲分配（BABE），这是一种源自 Ouroboros 的协议，最初由计算机科学家 Aggelos Kiayias 开发并由 Cardano 共享。

The network of parachains built around Polkadot possesses the remarkable ability to transmit not only tokens but also data across their interconnected realms. This empowers developers to construct services that leverage multiple distinct parachains rather than confining themselves to a single blockchain.

围绕 Polkadot 构建的平行链网络拥有非凡的能力，不仅可以在互连领域传输代币，还可以传输数据。这使得开发人员能够构建利用多个不同平行链的服务，而不是局限于单个区块链。

To illustrate this concept, one can draw parallels to the European Union (EU), where member countries maintain independent economies while freely exchanging goods, services, and workers. In a similar vein, each parachain enjoys the liberty to establish its own parameters, encompassing transaction fees, block times, governance mechanisms, and mining rewards.

为了说明这一概念，我们可以将其与欧盟（EU）进行比较，欧盟成员国在自由交换商品、服务和工人的同时保持独立的经济。同样，每个平行链都可以自由地建立自己的参数，包括交易费用、区块时间、治理机制和挖矿奖励。

The vast majority of contemporary parachains, including the Polkadot Relay Chain, utilize a development framework known as Substrate, provided by Parity Technologies, a leading British technology firm. While synergistic, Substrate is not an exclusive requirement for parachain development and maintenance.

绝大多数当代平行链，包括 Polkadot 中继链，都使用由英国领先技术公司 Parity Technologies 提供的名为 Substrate 的开发框架。虽然具有协同作用，但 Substrate 并不是平行链开发和维护的唯一要求。

Parachains vs. Sidechains: A Comparative Analysis

平行链与侧链：比较分析

While parachains bear superficial similarities to sidechains, separate blockchains built on top of existing blockchains like Ethereum, they differ in fundamental ways. Sidechains aim to enhance the scalability and interoperability of their parent blockchains, exemplified by projects like Polygon Network and BNB Smart Chain (BSC).

虽然平行链与侧链（建立在以太坊等现有区块链之上的独立区块链）表面上相似，但它们在根本上有所不同。侧链旨在增强其父区块链的可扩展性和互操作性，Polygon Network 和 BNB 智能链（BSC）等项目就是例证。

However, sidechains possess their own consensus mechanisms and native tokens, whereas parachains on Polkadot share the same consensus mechanism embodied by the Relay Chain.

然而，侧链拥有自己的共识机制和原生代币，而 Polkadot 上的平行链则共享中继链所体现的相同共识机制。

The Kusama Network: A Sandbox for Parachain Development

Kusama 网络：平行链开发的沙箱

An integral component of Polkadot's parachain ecosystem is the Kusama Network, which serves as a pre-production environment for aspiring parachains. This sandbox allows developers to test and refine their concepts before deploying them on the primary Polkadot network.

Kusama 网络是 Polkadot 平行链生态系统不可或缺的组成部分，它是有抱负的平行链的预生产环境。该沙箱允许开发人员在将其部署到主 Polkadot 网络之前测试和完善他们的概念。

Kusama mirrors most of Polkadot's core design features, but parachain projects on Kusama face less stringent governance requirements. This flexibility enables emerging projects to address technical deficiencies, build momentum, and cultivate a loyal user base before transitioning to the Polkadot network.

Kusama 反映了 Polkadot 的大部分核心设计功能，但 Kusama 上的平行链项目面临着不太严格的治理要求。这种灵活性使新兴项目能够在过渡到 Polkadot 网络之前解决技术缺陷、建立动力并培养忠实的用户群。

Unlike testnets, which utilize the same underlying framework as their parent blockchains but operate with simulated funds and separate token databases, Kusama constitutes a fully functional, autonomous, and "real" blockchain.

与测试网不同的是，测试网使用与其父区块链相同的底层框架，但使用模拟资金和独立的代币数据库​​进行操作，Kusama 构成了一个功能齐全、自主且“真实”的区块链。

Diverse Use Cases of Parachains

平行链的多种用例

The parachain paradigm has attracted developers across a spectrum of use cases. Notable examples include:

平行链范式吸引了各种用例的开发人员。值得注意的例子包括：

• Astar: One of the most widely adopted parachains, Astar incorporates the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) WebAssembly, empowering developers to create dapps for applications spanning decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).
• Nodle: This parachain aspires to bridge the gap between Web3 and the physical world by transforming smartphones into edge nodes capable of interacting with sensors and devices in real-world environments using simple iOS and Android apps.
• Moonbeam: A smart contract platform built on the Substrate blockchain framework, Moonbeam allows developers to construct decentralized applications (dapps) utilizing smart contracts. These dapps can seamlessly integrate with networks such as Ethereum.

The Competitive Landscape of Parachain Auctions

Astar：Astar 是采用最广泛的平行链之一，它采用了以太坊虚拟机 (EVM) WebAssembly，使开发人员能够为涵盖去中心化金融 (DeFi)、不可替代代币 (NFT) 和去中心化自治组织 (DAO) 的应用程序创建 dapp .Nodle：这条平行链旨在通过将智能手机转变为边缘节点，能够使用简单的 iOS 和 Android 应用程序与现实环境中的传感器和设备进行交互，从而弥合 Web3 和物理世界之间的差距。Moonbeam：建立在Moonbeam 是 Substrate 区块链框架，允许开发人员利用智能合约构建去中心化应用程序 (dapp)。这些 dapp 可以与以太坊等网络无缝集成。 平行链拍卖的竞争格局

To secure a position on the Polkadot network, projects engage in competitive bidding via auctions. These auctions determine which projects gain access to the Relay Chain and the timing of their connection.

为了确保在 Polkadot 网络上的地位，项目通过拍卖进行竞标。这些拍卖决定哪些项目可以访问中继链以及它们的连接时间。

The Web3 Foundation intentionally maintains a scarcity of successful bids to foster intense competition within the ecosystem. Once projects acquire one of these coveted leases, they enjoy a duration of approximately 96 weeks. On the Kusama sister network, these leases have a maximum duration of 48 weeks.

Web3 基金会有意保持成功投标的稀缺性，以促进生态系统内的激烈竞争。一旦项目获得这些令人垂涎的租约之一，它们的期限约为 96 周。在 Kusama 姐妹网络上，这些租约的最长期限为 48 周。

These auctions primarily operate through a mechanism known as "crowdloans." Here, community members demonstrate their support for favored projects by temporarily locking their tokens in their favor.

这些拍卖主要通过一种称为“众贷”的机制进行。在这里，社区成员通过暂时锁定自己的代币来表达对受青睐项目的支持。

These tokens are held in segregated Relay Chain modules beyond the control of the respective projects. This measure helps prevent malicious developers from absconding with funds, commonly referred to as "rugpulls." Unsuccessful bids automatically trigger the return of tokens to their owners.

这些代币保存在独立的中继链模块中，不受各个项目的控制。这项措施有助于防止恶意开发者携款潜逃，即通常所说的“拉客”。不成功的出价会自动触发将代币返还给其所有者。

The Future of Parachains: A Glimpse into the Roadmap

平行链的未来：路线图一瞥

The Polkadot Relay Chain is poised for a significant upgrade, scheduled for the near future. This update, dubbed the Join-Accumulate Machine (JAM), will introduce transformative changes to the functioning of the Relay Chain.

Polkadot 中继链预计将在不久的将来进行重大升级。这次更新被称为加入累积机（JAM），将为中继链的功能带来革命性的变化。

The upcoming JAM upgrade will empower Polkadot's Relay Chain to execute more versatile "services," including smart contracts. Simultaneously, it will maintain support for existing Substrate-based parachains.

即将到来的 JAM 升级将使 Polkadot 的中继链能够执行更多功能的“服务”，包括智能合约。同时，它将保持对现有基于 Substrate 的平行链的支持。

The Web3 Foundation has allocated approximately $10 million in prize funds for developers implementing JAM, with a significant portion of this pool dedicated to projects utilizing diverse programming languages.

Web3 基金会为实施 JAM 的开发人员分配了大约 1000 万美元的奖金，其中很大一部分专门用于使用不同编程语言的项目。

As of April 2024, the JAM update remains subject to stakeholder approval, pending a vote by holders of Polkadot's DOT token. The Polkadot community is currently invited to participate in Referendum 682 to determine the fate of this upgrade.

截至 2024 年 4 月，JAM 更新仍需利益相关者批准，并等待 Polkadot 的 DOT 代币持有者投票。目前，Polkadot 社区受邀参加 682 号公投，以确定本次升级的命运。