合并：以太坊2.0的过渡到股份证明

以太坊2.0通常称为“合并”，是区块链历史上最重要的升级之一。这种过渡标志着以太坊从工作证明（POW）转变为股份证明（POS），使网络更节能，可扩展和安全。

Sure, here's a more detailed explanation of each section:

当然，这是对每个部分的更详细说明：

**Understanding “The Merge”**

**了解“合并” **

**1. What Is The Merge?**

** 1。合并是什么？**

The Merge is the name given to the event where Ethereum's original Mainnet (which ran on Proof of Work) was combined with the Beacon Chain (a parallel Proof of Stake blockchain that was launched in December 2020). This meant that instead of having miners create blocks by performing energy-intensive computations, Ethereum now relies on validators who stake ETH to secure the network.

合并是将以太坊的原始主网（在工作证明中运行）与信标连锁店（一个平行的股权区块链证明，于2020年12月推出的平行证明）的名称。这意味着，以太坊现在，以太坊不是通过执行能源密集型计算来创建块，而是依靠验证器来确保网络的确保。

As a result of this change, Ethereum no longer requires miners, which significantly reduces its carbon footprint and makes it more environmentally friendly.

由于这种变化，以太坊不再需要矿工，这大大降低了其碳足迹并使其更加环保。

**2. Why Did Ethereum Need This Upgrade?**

** 2。以太坊为什么需要此升级？**

Ethereum's original Proof of Work mechanism had several limitations, including:

以太坊的原始工作机制有几个局限性，包括：

* It was energy-intensive and environmentally unsustainable.

*它是能源密集型的，在环境上是不可持续的。

* It limited Ethereum's scalability, as only a small number of miners could participate in securing the network.

*它限制了以太坊的可伸缩性，因为只有少数矿工才能参与确保网络。

* It made Ethereum vulnerable to 51% attacks, as a group of miners could have colluded to control the majority of the network's hashrate.

*这使以太坊容易受到51％的攻击，因为一群矿工本可以串通以控制大多数网络的哈希拉特。

To address these problems, Ethereum developers spent years designing a transition plan from PoW to PoS, which was ultimately executed through The Merge.

为了解决这些问题，以太坊开发人员花了多年的时间设计了从POW到POS的过渡计划，该计划最终通过合并执行。

**Key Changes After The Merge**

**合并后的关键更改**

**1. Transition from Mining to Staking**

** 1。从采矿到积累的过渡**

The most significant change after The Merge was the transition from mining to staking. In the Proof of Work system, miners used specialized hardware to solve complex puzzles and create new blocks for the blockchain. The first miner to solve the puzzle would add the block to the chain and receive a reward in ETH.

合并后的最重大变化是从采矿到桩的过渡。在工作系统证明中，矿工使用专门的硬件来解决复杂的难题并为区块链创建新的区块。第一个解决难题的矿工会将块添加到链条中，并在ETH中获得奖励。

In the Proof of Stake system, validators are chosen randomly to propose and attest new blocks based on the amount of ETH they have staked. If a validator proposes an invalid block or fails to attest to a valid block, they may lose some of their staked ETH.

为了证明损失系统的证明，选择验证器随机选择并根据其固定的ETH数量来提出并证明新块。如果验证者提出了无效的块或未能证明有效块，则他们可能会失去一些固定的ETH。

This change eliminates the need for energy-intensive mining rigs and significantly reduces Ethereum's carbon footprint.

这种变化消除了对能源密集型采矿钻机的需求，并大大减少了以太坊的碳足迹。

**2. Massive Energy Savings**

** 2。大量能源节省**

One of the main goals of The Merge was to reduce Ethereum's energy consumption. Proof of Work is a notoriously energy-intensive process, as miners use powerful computers to solve complex puzzles in order to create new blocks for the blockchain.

合并的主要目标之一是减少以太坊的能耗。工作证明是一个臭名昭著的能源密集型过程，因为矿工使用强大的计算机来解决复杂的难题，以为区块链创建新的区块。

Proof of Stake, on the other hand, is much more energy-efficient. Validators in a Proof of Stake system do not need to perform any intensive computations; instead, they simply need to hold and stake a certain amount of ETH. This reduces the network's energy consumption by over 99.9%.

另一方面，股份证明更节能。固定系统证明中的验证者无需执行任何密集的计算；取而代之的是，他们只需要持有并存放一定数量的ETH即可。这使网络的能源消耗量减少了99.9％。

**3. No Immediate Reduction in Gas Fees**

** 3。没有立即减少汽油费**

While The Merge was a crucial step toward making Ethereum faster, cheaper, and more sustainable, it did not immediately result in lower transaction fees (also known as gas fees).

虽然合并是使以太坊更快，更便宜，更可持续的至关重要的一步，但它并没有立即导致较低的交易费用（也称为汽油费）。

Gas fees are determined by the demand for block space on the Ethereum network. When the network is congested and there are more transactions than can be fit into a block, users have to pay higher gas fees to have their transactions included.

汽油费是由以太坊网络上块空间的需求确定的。当网络被拥挤并且有更多的交易远远不适合进入一个区块时，用户必须支付更高的汽油费才能包括其交易。

The Merge did not directly increase or decrease the capacity of the Ethereum network, so it had no immediate impact on gas fees. However, future upgrades, such as sharding, will be necessary to significantly reduce gas fees.

合并并未直接增加或降低以太坊网络的能力，因此对汽油费用没有立即影响。但是，将有必要大幅度降低汽油费，而将来的升级将是必要的。

**4. ETH Supply Becomes More Deflationary**

** 4。 ETH供应变得更加温和**

The Merge also had a subtle impact on the supply and demand dynamics of ETH. In the Proof of Work system, new ETH was constantly being minted and issued to miners as a reward for creating new blocks.

合并还对ETH的供求动态产生了微妙的影响。在工作系统证明中，新的ETH不断地被铸造并发给矿工，以此作为创建新块的奖励。

However, in the Proof of Stake system, there is no need for miners and, therefore, no new ETH is minted to reward them. This reduces the overall issuance rate of ETH, making the supply more deflationary.

但是，在危险制度的证明中，矿工无需矿工，因此，没有新的ETH被铸造来奖励他们。这降低了ETH的总体发行率，从而使供应更加温和。

As a result of this change, and assuming demand for ETH remains constant or increases, The Merge could potentially lead to an increase in the price of ETH over the long term.

由于这种变化的结果，并且假设对ETH的需求保持恒定或增加，合并可能会导致ETH价格长期上涨。

**The Future of Ethereum After The Merge**

**合并后以太坊的未来**

The Merge was just the first step in Ethereum's long-term upgrade plan. Here's a brief overview of what's next:

合并只是以太坊长期升级计划的第一步。这是下一步的简要概述：

**1. The Surge – Scalability Improvements**

** 1。激增 - 可伸缩性改进**

The Surge will focus on improving Ethereum's scalability by introducing sharding, a technique that will split the blockchain into smaller, more manageable pieces. This will allow more transactions to be processed in parallel, significantly increasing the network's capacity.

激增将通过引入碎片来侧重于提高以太坊的可扩展性，该技术将将区块链分为较小，更易于管理的零件。这将允许并行处理更多的交易，从而大大提高网络的能力。

**2. The Verge – Upgraded Storage Mechanism**

** 2。边缘 - 升级的存储机构**

The Verge will introduce a new storage mechanism called Verkle trees, which will optimize the way data is stored on the Ethereum blockchain. This will reduce the amount of space needed to store the blockchain and make it easier for nodes to sync with the network.

Verge将引入一种称为Verkle树的新存储机制，该机制将优化数据存储在以太坊区块链上的方式。这将减少存储区块链所需的空间量，并使节点更容易与网络同步。

**3. The Purge – Reducing Network Congestion**

** 3。清除 - 减少网络拥塞**

The Purge will focus on reducing network congestion by implementing techniques such as EIP-4844, which will introduce a new type of transaction called a proto-dank shard. These transactions will be smaller

清除将通过实施诸如EIP-4844之类的技术来减少网络拥塞，该技术将引入一种称为原始货片的新型交易。这些交易将较小