合併：以太坊2.0的過渡到股份證明

以太坊2.0通常稱為“合併”，是區塊鏈歷史上最重要的升級之一。這種過渡標誌著以太坊從工作證明（POW）轉變為股份證明（POS），使網絡更節能，可擴展和安全。

Sure, here's a more detailed explanation of each section:

當然，這是對每個部分的更詳細說明：

**Understanding “The Merge”**

**了解“合併” **

**1. What Is The Merge?**

** 1。合併是什麼？**

The Merge is the name given to the event where Ethereum's original Mainnet (which ran on Proof of Work) was combined with the Beacon Chain (a parallel Proof of Stake blockchain that was launched in December 2020). This meant that instead of having miners create blocks by performing energy-intensive computations, Ethereum now relies on validators who stake ETH to secure the network.

合併是將以太坊的原始主網（在工作證明中運行）與信標連鎖店（一個平行的股權區塊鏈證明，於2020年12月推出的平行證明）的名稱。這意味著，以太坊現在，以太坊不是通過執行能源密集型計算來創建塊，而是依靠驗證器來確保網絡的確保。

As a result of this change, Ethereum no longer requires miners, which significantly reduces its carbon footprint and makes it more environmentally friendly.

由於這種變化，以太坊不再需要礦工，這大大降低了其碳足跡並使其更加環保。

**2. Why Did Ethereum Need This Upgrade?**

** 2。以太坊為什麼需要此升級？**

Ethereum's original Proof of Work mechanism had several limitations, including:

以太坊的原始工作機制有幾個局限性，包括：

* It was energy-intensive and environmentally unsustainable.

*它是能源密集型的，在環境上是不可持續的。

* It limited Ethereum's scalability, as only a small number of miners could participate in securing the network.

*它限制了以太坊的可伸縮性，因為只有少數礦工才能參與確保網絡。

* It made Ethereum vulnerable to 51% attacks, as a group of miners could have colluded to control the majority of the network's hashrate.

*這使以太坊容易受到51％的攻擊，因為一群礦工本可以串通以控制大多數網絡的哈希拉特。

To address these problems, Ethereum developers spent years designing a transition plan from PoW to PoS, which was ultimately executed through The Merge.

為了解決這些問題，以太坊開發人員花了多年的時間設計了從POW到POS的過渡計劃，該計劃最終通過合併執行。

**Key Changes After The Merge**

**合併後的關鍵更改**

**1. Transition from Mining to Staking**

** 1。從採礦到積累的過渡**

The most significant change after The Merge was the transition from mining to staking. In the Proof of Work system, miners used specialized hardware to solve complex puzzles and create new blocks for the blockchain. The first miner to solve the puzzle would add the block to the chain and receive a reward in ETH.

合併後的最重大變化是從採礦到樁的過渡。在工作系統證明中，礦工使用專門的硬件來解決複雜的難題並為區塊鏈創建新的區塊。第一個解決難題的礦工會將塊添加到鏈條中，並在ETH中獲得獎勵。

In the Proof of Stake system, validators are chosen randomly to propose and attest new blocks based on the amount of ETH they have staked. If a validator proposes an invalid block or fails to attest to a valid block, they may lose some of their staked ETH.

為了證明損失系統的證明，選擇驗證器隨機選擇並根據其固定的ETH數量來提出並證明新塊。如果驗證者提出了無效的塊或未能證明有效塊，則他們可能會失去一些固定的ETH。

This change eliminates the need for energy-intensive mining rigs and significantly reduces Ethereum's carbon footprint.

這種變化消除了對能源密集型採礦鑽機的需求，並大大減少了以太坊的碳足跡。

**2. Massive Energy Savings**

** 2。大量能源節省**

One of the main goals of The Merge was to reduce Ethereum's energy consumption. Proof of Work is a notoriously energy-intensive process, as miners use powerful computers to solve complex puzzles in order to create new blocks for the blockchain.

合併的主要目標之一是減少以太坊的能耗。工作證明是一個臭名昭著的能源密集型過程，因為礦工使用強大的計算機來解決複雜的難題，以為區塊鏈創建新的區塊。

Proof of Stake, on the other hand, is much more energy-efficient. Validators in a Proof of Stake system do not need to perform any intensive computations; instead, they simply need to hold and stake a certain amount of ETH. This reduces the network's energy consumption by over 99.9%.

另一方面，股份證明更節能。固定係統證明中的驗證者無需執行任何密集的計算；取而代之的是，他們只需要持有並存放一定數量的ETH即可。這使網絡的能源消耗量減少了99.9％。

**3. No Immediate Reduction in Gas Fees**

** 3。沒有立即減少汽油費**

While The Merge was a crucial step toward making Ethereum faster, cheaper, and more sustainable, it did not immediately result in lower transaction fees (also known as gas fees).

雖然合併是使以太坊更快，更便宜，更可持續的至關重要的一步，但它並沒有立即導致較低的交易費用（也稱為汽油費）。

Gas fees are determined by the demand for block space on the Ethereum network. When the network is congested and there are more transactions than can be fit into a block, users have to pay higher gas fees to have their transactions included.

汽油費是由以太坊網絡上塊空間的需求確定的。當網絡被擁擠並且有更多的交易遠遠不適合進入一個區塊時，用戶必須支付更高的汽油費才能包括其交易。

The Merge did not directly increase or decrease the capacity of the Ethereum network, so it had no immediate impact on gas fees. However, future upgrades, such as sharding, will be necessary to significantly reduce gas fees.

合併並未直接增加或降低以太坊網絡的能力，因此對汽油費用沒有立即影響。但是，將有必要大幅度降低汽油費，而將來的升級將是必要的。

**4. ETH Supply Becomes More Deflationary**

** 4。 ETH供應變得更加溫和**

The Merge also had a subtle impact on the supply and demand dynamics of ETH. In the Proof of Work system, new ETH was constantly being minted and issued to miners as a reward for creating new blocks.

合併還對ETH的供求動態產生了微妙的影響。在工作系統證明中，新的ETH不斷地被鑄造並發給礦工，以此作為創建新塊的獎勵。

However, in the Proof of Stake system, there is no need for miners and, therefore, no new ETH is minted to reward them. This reduces the overall issuance rate of ETH, making the supply more deflationary.

但是，在危險制度的證明中，礦工無需礦工，因此，沒有新的ETH被鑄造來獎勵他們。這降低了ETH的總體發行率，從而使供應更加溫和。

As a result of this change, and assuming demand for ETH remains constant or increases, The Merge could potentially lead to an increase in the price of ETH over the long term.

由於這種變化的結果，並且假設對ETH的需求保持恆定或增加，合併可能會導致ETH價格長期上漲。

**The Future of Ethereum After The Merge**

**合併後以太坊的未來**

The Merge was just the first step in Ethereum's long-term upgrade plan. Here's a brief overview of what's next:

合併只是以太坊長期升級計劃的第一步。這是下一步的簡要概述：

**1. The Surge – Scalability Improvements**

** 1。激增 - 可伸縮性改進**

The Surge will focus on improving Ethereum's scalability by introducing sharding, a technique that will split the blockchain into smaller, more manageable pieces. This will allow more transactions to be processed in parallel, significantly increasing the network's capacity.

激增將通過引入碎片來側重於提高以太坊的可擴展性，該技術將將區塊鏈分為較小，更易於管理的零件。這將允許並行處理更多的交易，從而大大提高網絡的能力。

**2. The Verge – Upgraded Storage Mechanism**

** 2。邊緣 - 升級的存儲機構**

The Verge will introduce a new storage mechanism called Verkle trees, which will optimize the way data is stored on the Ethereum blockchain. This will reduce the amount of space needed to store the blockchain and make it easier for nodes to sync with the network.

Verge將引入一種稱為Verkle樹的新存儲機制，該機制將優化數據存儲在以太坊區塊鏈上的方式。這將減少存儲區塊鏈所需的空間量，並使節點更容易與網絡同步。

**3. The Purge – Reducing Network Congestion**

** 3。清除 - 減少網絡擁塞**

The Purge will focus on reducing network congestion by implementing techniques such as EIP-4844, which will introduce a new type of transaction called a proto-dank shard. These transactions will be smaller

清除將通過實施諸如EIP-4844之類的技術來減少網絡擁塞，該技術將引入一種稱為原始貨片的新型交易。這些交易將較小