第 2 层解决方案：增强区块链可扩展性、速度和成本效益

第 2 层解决方案是构建在区块链主网络（第 1 层）之上的技术，旨在增强可扩展性、速度并降低交易成本。

Layer 2 solutions are technologies built upon a blockchain's main network (Layer 1) to enhance scalability, speed, and reduce transaction costs. These solutions aim to improve the overall performance of decentralized applications (dApps) and services by offloading transaction processing from the main blockchain. Among the various Layer 2 solutions, two prominent technologies are Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rollups, each addressing the scalability challenge in different ways.

第 2 层解决方案是基于区块链主网络（第 1 层）构建的技术，旨在增强可扩展性、速度并降低交易成本。这些解决方案旨在通过从主区块链卸载交易处理来提高去中心化应用程序 (dApp) 和服务的整体性能。在各种 Layer 2 解决方案中，两项突出的技术是 Optimistic Rollups 和 ZK-Rollups，每种技术都以不同的方式解决可扩展性挑战。

Optimistic Rollups are designed to scale Ethereum (and other blockchain networks) by processing transactions off-chain, while still securing them on the main chain. These rollups aim to increase throughput and reduce transaction costs by moving most of the computation off the Ethereum mainnet, relying on the Ethereum network for validation and finalization.

Optimistic Rollup 旨在通过处理链下交易来扩展以太坊（和其他区块链网络），同时仍然在主链上保护它们。这些汇总旨在通过将大部分计算移出以太坊主网，依靠以太坊网络进行验证和最终确定来提高吞吐量并降低交易成本。

Optimistic Rollups bundle a large number of transactions together and process them off-chain. Once processed, the results are posted back to the Layer 1 chain, along with a cryptographic proof attesting to the validity of the transactions. The Layer 1 network then verifies the proof and includes the batch of transactions in a block.

乐观汇总将大量交易捆绑在一起并在链下处理它们。处理完成后，结果将连同证明交易有效性的加密证明一起发送回第 1 层链。然后，第 1 层网络验证证明并将该批交易包含在一个区块中。

This approach enables Optimistic Rollups to achieve significant scalability gains, handling a large volume of transactions off-chain, while still benefiting from the security and decentralization of the Layer 1 network. However, Optimistic Rollups come with a trade-off, as they introduce a challenge period before transactions are considered finalized. During this period, anyone can challenge the validity of the transactions, potentially leading to rollbacks in case of any fraudulent activities.

这种方法使 Optimistic Rollups 能够实现显着的可扩展性收益，处理大量链下交易，同时仍然受益于第 1 层网络的安全性和去中心化。然而，乐观汇总需要权衡，因为它们在交易被视为最终确定之前引入了挑战期。在此期间，任何人都可以质疑交易的有效性，如果发生任何欺诈活动，可能会导致交易回滚。

ZK-Rollups (Zero-Knowledge Rollups), on the other hand, offer another approach to Layer 2 scaling, aiming to achieve high scalability with a greater focus on efficiency and minimal overhead. These rollups utilize zero-knowledge proofs, a cryptographic technique that allows one party (the prover) to demonstrate the validity of a statement (the transaction) to another party (the verifier) without revealing any additional information beyond the statement itself.

另一方面，ZK-Rollups（零知识汇总）提供了另一种第 2 层扩展方法，旨在实现高可扩展性，同时更加注重效率和最小开销。这些汇总利用零知识证明，这是一种加密技术，允许一方（证明者）向另一方（验证者）证明语句（交易）的有效性，而无需透露语句本身之外的任何其他信息。

ZK-Rollups leverage this technology to generate a succinct proof that attests to the validity of a batch of transactions. This proof is then posted to the Layer 1 blockchain, and the transactions are considered finalized once the proof is included in a block on the Layer 1 chain.

ZK-Rollups 利用该技术生成简洁的证明，证明一批交易的有效性。然后，该证明被发布到第 1 层区块链，一旦该证明包含在第 1 层链上的区块中，交易就被视为已完成。

Compared to Optimistic Rollups, ZK-Rollups provide faster finalization times as they do not require a challenge period. Additionally, they offer greater scalability potential due to the efficiency of zero-knowledge proofs, enabling them to handle an even higher volume of transactions. However, ZK-Rollups also come with their own set of challenges, particularly around the complexity of generating zero-knowledge proofs and the need for specialized hardware to achieve optimal performance.

与 Optimistic Rollups 相比，ZK-Rollups 提供更快的最终确定时间，因为它们不需要挑战期。此外，由于零知识证明的效率，它们提供了更大的可扩展性潜力，使它们能够处理更大的交易量。然而，ZK-Rollups 也面临着自己的一系列挑战，特别是生成零知识证明的复杂性以及需要专门的硬件来实现最佳性能。

Both Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rollups play a significant role in addressing the scalability limitations of Layer 1 blockchains. As the demand for Ethereum and other blockchains continues to grow, these Layer 2 solutions will be crucial in enabling decentralized applications (dApps) to scale effectively without compromising security or decentralization.

Optimistic Rollups 和 ZK-Rollups 在解决 Layer 1 区块链的可扩展性限制方面都发挥着重要作用。随着对以太坊和其他区块链的需求持续增长，这些第 2 层解决方案对于使去中心化应用程序 (dApp) 能够有效扩展而不影响安全性或去中心化至关重要。