堆栈的迭代之旅：用智能合约赋能比特币

从Blockstack到Stacks，Stacks团队从无到有不断构建技术和生态，在当前的市场环境下显得尤为扎实和令人印象深刻。

As Bitcoin approaches the breakthrough of $100,000, the community is eagerly awaiting the development of the Bitcoin ecosystem.

随着比特币接近10万美元的突破，社区热切等待比特币生态系统的发展。

Although the performance of related ecosystem tokens has not been particularly impressive, U.S. compliant trading platforms such as Coinbase and Kraken have recently issued cbBTC and KBTC, respectively. Industry giants have never paused their exploration of the Bitcoin ecosystem. Compared to other chains or its own nearly $2 trillion market cap, the Bitcoin ecosystem has a long way to go, but it also holds enormous development opportunities. From the perspective of the secondary market, there has always been a demand for track rotation and switching from high to low positions. In the Bitcoin ecosystem, Stacks stands out as a leader in this field, and its iterative journey has become the best representation of the exploration of the Bitcoin ecosystem. Stacks has continuously built technology and ecology from scratch, which is particularly solid and impressive in the current market environment.

尽管相关生态代币的表现并不是特别亮眼，但 Coinbase 和 Kraken 等美国合规交易平台最近分别发行了 cbBTC 和 KBTC。行业巨头从未停止过对比特币生态的探索。与其他链或自身近2万亿美元的市值相比，比特币生态系统还有很长的路要走，但也蕴藏着巨大的发展机会。从二级市场来看，一直存在赛道轮换、高位到低位切换的需求。在比特币生态中，Stacks 脱颖而出，成为该领域的领导者，其迭代历程也成为了比特币生态探索的最佳代表。 Stacks从无到有不断构建技术和生态，在当前的市场环境下显得尤为扎实和令人印象深刻。

Recently, the case between Ripple and the SEC has reached a temporary conclusion, and the resignation of the SEC chairman has triggered a super bull market for XRP. Like Ripple, Stacks is also a representative of compliance in the crypto industry. In July 2024, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) terminated its investigation into Stacks and Hiro. Moreover, Stacks is the first token issuance project ever approved by the SEC.

近期，Ripple与SEC的案件暂时有了结论，SEC主席的辞职引发了XRP的超级牛市。和Ripple一样，Stacks也是加密行业合规的代表。 2024年7月，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）终止了对Stacks和Hiro的调查。此外，Stacks是第一个获得SEC批准的代币发行项目。

The Dream of Smart Contracts on Bitcoin: From Blockstack to Stacks

比特币智能合约的梦想：从 Blockstack 到 Stacks

The history of Stacks can be traced back to Blockstack, founded in 2013 by Muneeb Ali and Ryan Shea from Princeton. As the initial v1 version, Blockstack aimed to create a decentralized internet ecosystem using a distributed computing network, fully replacing traditional cloud computing. At that time, Blockstack hosted a large number of DApps.

Stacks 的历史可以追溯到 Blockstack，由普林斯顿大学的 Muneeb Ali 和 Ryan Shea 于 2013 年创立。作为最初的 v1 版本，Blockstack 旨在利用分布式计算网络创建一个去中心化的互联网生态系统，全面取代传统的云计算。当时，Blockstack 托管了大量的 DApp。

By 2021, Blockstack's v2 version, the Stacks mainnet, was officially launched. At this point, the team's goals underwent a significant shift—from serving a decentralized internet to empowering Bitcoin. Through the Stacks protocol, developers can build applications with smart contract functionality on the Bitcoin network without modifying Bitcoin itself. In this process, Stacks inevitably faced criticism from Bitcoin "maximalists," but Muneeb has consistently conveyed the philosophy of Stacks to the community.

到2021年，Blockstack的v2版本，Stacks主网正式上线。此时，团队的目标发生了重大转变——从服务去中心化互联网到赋予比特币权力。通过Stacks协议，开发者可以在比特币网络上构建具有智能合约功能的应用程序，而无需修改比特币本身。在这个过程中，Stacks不可避免地面临比特币“最大化主义者”的批评，但Muneeb始终如一地向社区传达Stacks的理念。

PoX and Clarity: Deep Integration of Bitcoin and Stacks

PoX 与 Clarity：比特币与堆栈的深度融合

Stacks' ability to securely integrate with Bitcoin is attributed to its innovative Proof of Transfer (PoX) consensus mechanism. The core idea of the PoX mechanism is to allow miners to participate in Stacks block mining by transferring Bitcoin, rather than relying on power-consuming competition. This way, Stacks not only inherits the security of the Bitcoin network but also allows Bitcoin holders to become direct participants in the ecosystem.

Stacks 与比特币安全集成的能力归功于其创新的转移证明 (PoX) 共识机制。 PoX机制的核心思想是让矿工通过转移比特币的方式参与Stacks区块挖矿，而不是依靠耗电竞争。这样，Stacks不仅继承了比特币网络的安全性，还让比特币持有者成为生态系统的直接参与者。

Compared to traditional Proof of Stake (PoS), the design philosophy of PoX aligns more closely with Bitcoin's decentralized spirit. It uniquely transfers the value of Bitcoin into the Stacks ecosystem, creating a tight economic bond between the two. For miners, the PoX mechanism provides a new way to capture value, while for developers, this deep integration gives them greater confidence in implementing smart contracts on the Bitcoin network.

与传统的权益证明（PoS）相比，PoX的设计理念更符合比特币的去中心化精神。它将比特币的价值独特地转移到 Stacks 生态系统中，在两者之间建立了紧密的经济联系。对于矿工来说，PoX机制提供了一种获取价值的新方式，而对于开发者来说，这种深度整合让他们更有信心在比特币网络上实施智能合约。

Alongside the launch of the Stacks mainnet, a smart contract language designed specifically for Bitcoin, Clarity, was introduced. Clarity is a non-Turing complete language, meaning it focuses on implementing verifiable functions while avoiding uncertainties in complex computations. When using Clarity, developers can preview the execution results of smart contracts in advance, greatly reducing the risk of unexpected behaviors. Additionally, Clarity runs directly on-chain, avoiding vulnerabilities that traditional smart contract compilers might introduce. This language, designed specifically for Bitcoin, lays the foundation for DeFi, NFTs, and other complex applications.

随着 Stacks 主网的推出，专门为比特币设计的智能合约语言 Clarity 也随之推出。 Clarity 是一种非图灵完备的语言，这意味着它专注于实现可验证的函数，同时避免复杂计算中的不确定性。使用Clarity时，开发者可以提前预览智能合约的执行结果，大大降低意外行为的风险。此外，Clarity 直接在链上运行，避免了传统智能合约编译器可能引入的漏洞。这种语言专为比特币设计，为 DeFi、NFT 和其他复杂应用程序奠定了基础。

Nakamoto Upgrade: Faster, More Stable, Secure

中本聪升级：更快、更稳定、更安全

Just as there is no perfect code, Stacks also has room for improvement in expanding Bitcoin.

正如没有完美的代码一样，Stacks 在扩展比特币方面也有改进的空间。

The initial design of Stacks tied block production to Bitcoin's block production. This resulted in high latency due to slow block production, and even micro-blocks could not completely resolve the issue. At the same time, the security of the Stacks network was not fully bound to Bitcoin, as the cost of reorganizing the last N blocks in the Stacks blockchain was equivalent to generating the next N + 1 Stacks blocks, making the cost of attacking Stacks lower compared to a 51% attack on Bitcoin.

Stacks 的最初设计将区块生产与比特币的区块生产联系起来。这导致由于出块速度慢而导致高延迟，即使是微块也无法完全解决该问题。同时，Stacks网络的安全性并没有完全与比特币绑定，因为重组Stacks区块链中最后N个区块的成本相当于生成接下来的N+1个Stacks区块，使得攻击Stacks的成本更低与针对比特币的 51% 攻击相比。

In light of this, Stacks launched the "Nakamoto Upgrade" in 2024, which was officially completed on October 29. The significance of this upgrade lies not only in technical optimization but also as a key step towards the prosperity of the Bitcoin ecosystem.

有鉴于此，Stacks在2024年启动了“中本聪升级”，并于10月29日正式完成。本次升级的意义不仅在于技术优化，更是比特币生态繁荣的关键一步。

Fast Block Confirmation: Optimizing User Experience

快速区块确认：优化用户体验

The Nakamoto upgrade introduced a fast block confirmation mechanism, allowing users to achieve near real-time transaction confirmations on Stacks. Micro-blocks and Bitcoin anchor blocks will be eliminated, replaced by continuously produced Stacks blocks, allowing miners to produce multiple blocks during a single Bitcoin block period, significantly enhancing transaction speed.

Nakamoto升级引入了快速区块确认机制，允许用户在Stacks上实现近乎实时的交易确认。微区块和比特币锚定区块将被淘汰，取而代之的是连续产生的Stacks区块，允许矿工在单个比特币区块周期内产生多个区块，从而显着提高交易速度。

The time required for user-submitted transactions to be confirmed is no longer

用户提交的交易被确认所需的时间不再