堆疊的迭代之旅：用智慧合約賦能比特幣

從Blockstack到Stacks，Stacks團隊從無到有不斷建構技術和生態，在當前的市場環境下顯得特別紮實和令人印象深刻。

As Bitcoin approaches the breakthrough of $100,000, the community is eagerly awaiting the development of the Bitcoin ecosystem.

隨著比特幣接近10萬美元的突破，社群熱切等待比特幣生態系統的發展。

Although the performance of related ecosystem tokens has not been particularly impressive, U.S. compliant trading platforms such as Coinbase and Kraken have recently issued cbBTC and KBTC, respectively. Industry giants have never paused their exploration of the Bitcoin ecosystem. Compared to other chains or its own nearly $2 trillion market cap, the Bitcoin ecosystem has a long way to go, but it also holds enormous development opportunities. From the perspective of the secondary market, there has always been a demand for track rotation and switching from high to low positions. In the Bitcoin ecosystem, Stacks stands out as a leader in this field, and its iterative journey has become the best representation of the exploration of the Bitcoin ecosystem. Stacks has continuously built technology and ecology from scratch, which is particularly solid and impressive in the current market environment.

儘管相關生態系統代幣的表現並不是特別亮眼，但 Coinbase 和 Kraken 等美國合規交易平台最近分別發行了 cbBTC 和 KBTC。產業巨頭從未停止對比特幣生態的探索。與其他鍊或自身近2兆美元的市值相比，比特幣生態系統還有很長的路要走，但也蘊藏著巨大的發展機會。從二級市場來看，一直存在著賽道輪替、高位到低位切換的需求。在比特幣生態中，Stacks 脫穎而出，成為該領域的領導者，其迭代歷程也成為了比特幣生態探索的最佳代表。 Stacks從無到有不斷建構技術和生態，在當前的市場環境下顯得特別紮實和令人印象深刻。

Recently, the case between Ripple and the SEC has reached a temporary conclusion, and the resignation of the SEC chairman has triggered a super bull market for XRP. Like Ripple, Stacks is also a representative of compliance in the crypto industry. In July 2024, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) terminated its investigation into Stacks and Hiro. Moreover, Stacks is the first token issuance project ever approved by the SEC.

近期，Ripple與SEC的案件暫時有了結論，SEC主席的辭職引發了XRP的超級多頭市場。和Ripple一樣，Stacks也是加密產業合規的代表。 2024年7月，美國證券交易委員會（SEC）終止了對Stacks和Hiro的調查。此外，Stacks是第一個獲得SEC批准的代幣發行項目。

The Dream of Smart Contracts on Bitcoin: From Blockstack to Stacks

比特幣智能合約的夢想：從 Blockstack 到 Stacks

The history of Stacks can be traced back to Blockstack, founded in 2013 by Muneeb Ali and Ryan Shea from Princeton. As the initial v1 version, Blockstack aimed to create a decentralized internet ecosystem using a distributed computing network, fully replacing traditional cloud computing. At that time, Blockstack hosted a large number of DApps.

Stacks 的歷史可以追溯到 Blockstack，由普林斯頓大學的 Muneeb Ali 和 Ryan Shea 於 2013 年創立。作為最初的 v1 版本，Blockstack 旨在利用分散式運算網路創建一個去中心化的互聯網生態系統，全面取代傳統的雲端運算。當時，Blockstack 託管了大量的 DApp。

By 2021, Blockstack's v2 version, the Stacks mainnet, was officially launched. At this point, the team's goals underwent a significant shift—from serving a decentralized internet to empowering Bitcoin. Through the Stacks protocol, developers can build applications with smart contract functionality on the Bitcoin network without modifying Bitcoin itself. In this process, Stacks inevitably faced criticism from Bitcoin "maximalists," but Muneeb has consistently conveyed the philosophy of Stacks to the community.

到2021年，Blockstack的v2版本，Stacks主網正式上線。此時，團隊的目標發生了重大轉變——從服務去中心化網路到賦予比特幣權力。透過Stacks協議，開發者可以在比特幣網路上建立具有智慧合約功能的應用程序，而無需修改比特幣本身。在這個過程中，Stacks不可避免地面臨比特幣「最大化主義者」的批評，但Muneeb始終如一地向社群傳達Stacks的理念。

PoX and Clarity: Deep Integration of Bitcoin and Stacks

PoX 與 Clarity：比特幣與堆疊的深度融合

Stacks' ability to securely integrate with Bitcoin is attributed to its innovative Proof of Transfer (PoX) consensus mechanism. The core idea of the PoX mechanism is to allow miners to participate in Stacks block mining by transferring Bitcoin, rather than relying on power-consuming competition. This way, Stacks not only inherits the security of the Bitcoin network but also allows Bitcoin holders to become direct participants in the ecosystem.

Stacks 與比特幣安全整合的能力歸功於其創新的轉移證明 (PoX) 共識機制。 PoX機制的核心思想是讓礦工透過轉移比特幣的方式參與Stacks區塊挖礦，而不是依靠耗電競爭。這樣，Stacks不僅繼承了比特幣網路的安全性，還讓比特幣持有者成為生態系統的直接參與者。

Compared to traditional Proof of Stake (PoS), the design philosophy of PoX aligns more closely with Bitcoin's decentralized spirit. It uniquely transfers the value of Bitcoin into the Stacks ecosystem, creating a tight economic bond between the two. For miners, the PoX mechanism provides a new way to capture value, while for developers, this deep integration gives them greater confidence in implementing smart contracts on the Bitcoin network.

與傳統的權益證明（PoS）相比，PoX的設計理念更符合比特幣的去中心化精神。它將比特幣的價值獨特地轉移到 Stacks 生態系統中，在兩者之間建立了緊密的經濟聯繫。對於礦工來說，PoX機制提供了一種獲取價值的新方式，而對於開發者來說，這種深度整合讓他們更有信心在比特幣網路上實施智慧合約。

Alongside the launch of the Stacks mainnet, a smart contract language designed specifically for Bitcoin, Clarity, was introduced. Clarity is a non-Turing complete language, meaning it focuses on implementing verifiable functions while avoiding uncertainties in complex computations. When using Clarity, developers can preview the execution results of smart contracts in advance, greatly reducing the risk of unexpected behaviors. Additionally, Clarity runs directly on-chain, avoiding vulnerabilities that traditional smart contract compilers might introduce. This language, designed specifically for Bitcoin, lays the foundation for DeFi, NFTs, and other complex applications.

隨著 Stacks 主網的推出，專為比特幣設計的智慧合約語言 Clarity 也隨之推出。 Clarity 是一種非圖靈完備的語言，這意味著它專注於實現可驗證的函數，同時避免複雜計算中的不確定性。使用Clarity時，開發者可以事先預覽智慧合約的執行結果，大幅降低意外行為的風險。此外，Clarity 直接在鏈上運行，避免了傳統智能合約編譯器可能引入的漏洞。這種語言專為比特幣設計，為 DeFi、NFT 和其他複雜應用奠定了基礎。

Nakamoto Upgrade: Faster, More Stable, Secure

中本聰升級：更快、更穩定、更安全

Just as there is no perfect code, Stacks also has room for improvement in expanding Bitcoin.

正如沒有完美的程式碼一樣，Stacks 在擴展比特幣方面也有改進的空間。

The initial design of Stacks tied block production to Bitcoin's block production. This resulted in high latency due to slow block production, and even micro-blocks could not completely resolve the issue. At the same time, the security of the Stacks network was not fully bound to Bitcoin, as the cost of reorganizing the last N blocks in the Stacks blockchain was equivalent to generating the next N + 1 Stacks blocks, making the cost of attacking Stacks lower compared to a 51% attack on Bitcoin.

Stacks 的最初設計將區塊生產與比特幣的區塊生產聯繫起來。這導致由於出塊速度慢而導致高延遲，即使是微塊也無法完全解決問題。同時，Stacks網路的安全性並沒有完全與比特幣綁定，因為重組Stacks區塊鏈中最後N個區塊的成本相當於產生接下來的N+1個Stacks區塊，使得攻擊Stacks的成本更低與針對比特幣的 51% 攻擊相比。

In light of this, Stacks launched the "Nakamoto Upgrade" in 2024, which was officially completed on October 29. The significance of this upgrade lies not only in technical optimization but also as a key step towards the prosperity of the Bitcoin ecosystem.

有鑑於此，Stacks在2024年啟動了“中本聰升級”，並於10月29日正式完成。

Fast Block Confirmation: Optimizing User Experience

快速區塊確認：優化使用者體驗

The Nakamoto upgrade introduced a fast block confirmation mechanism, allowing users to achieve near real-time transaction confirmations on Stacks. Micro-blocks and Bitcoin anchor blocks will be eliminated, replaced by continuously produced Stacks blocks, allowing miners to produce multiple blocks during a single Bitcoin block period, significantly enhancing transaction speed.

Nakamoto升級引入了快速區塊確認機制，允許用戶在Stacks上實現近乎即時的交易確認。微區塊和比特幣錨定區塊將被淘汰，取而代之的是連續產生的Stacks區塊，允許礦工在單一比特幣區塊週期內產生多個區塊，從而顯著提高交易速度。

The time required for user-submitted transactions to be confirmed is no longer

用戶提交的交易被確認所需的時間不再