如何赠送比特币并阻止销售

众所周知，比特币的真正价值来自于长期持有，至少五年。如果您的接收者有这种能力，赠送比特币可能会很有价值，因此这里有一些赠送比特币并阻止出售的简单技巧。

People who receive bitcoin as a gift may not appreciate the value of holding for the long term, especially if they are used to day trading or if they have a short time horizon. Here are some ways to gift bitcoin and discourage the recipient from selling it prematurely.

收到比特币作为礼物的人可能不会欣赏长期持有的价值，特别是如果他们习惯于日内交易或时间范围很短。以下是一些赠送比特币并阻止接收者过早出售比特币的方法。

Keep The Key Yourself

钥匙自己保管

The simplest solution is to gift the bitcoin but keep the private key. When the time comes, the recipient can request the key from you, which you can furnish if you want. Since you have the key, in a sense you're not gifting the bitcoin at all since you're not granting the ability to spend the bitcoin. But who cares? Most people will be happy to receive the bitcoin and hear about their new bitcoin address and about the bitcoin that is locked in there. The nice thing about this is you can impose whatever incentive scheme you like to get the key in the future. For example, for kids, it could be "win the middle school chess tournament,” “become valedictorian,” or “generate your first $1 million in revenue in your startup.” You just need to be disciplined not to spend the bitcoin yourself.

最简单的解决方案是赠送比特币但保留私钥。到了时间，收件人可以向您索取密钥，如果需要，您也可以提供。既然你拥有密钥，从某种意义上说，你根本就没有赠送比特币，因为你没有授予使用比特币的能力。但谁在乎呢？大多数人会很高兴收到比特币并了解他们的新比特币地址以及锁定在那里的比特币。这样做的好处是，您可以实施任何您喜欢的激励计划，以便将来获得钥匙。例如，对于孩子来说，它可能是“赢得中学国际象棋锦标赛”、“成为告别演说者”或“在你的初创公司中创造你的第一个 100 万美元收入”。你只需要遵守纪律，不要自己花掉比特币。

Keep Part Of The Key

保留部分密钥

To give more of a sense of ownership, you could give half of the key to your recipient and keep the other half yourself. For example, you could give them 12 of the 24 seed phrases. This way they feel like they have more ownership, even though they don't.

为了给人更多的主人翁感，您可以将一半的钥匙交给收件人，另一半自己保留。例如，您可以向他们提供 24 个种子短语中的 12 个。这样他们就会觉得自己拥有更多的所有权，尽管实际上并没有。

If you wanted to make this more of a challenge, you could give them 20 out of the 24 seed phrases and then see if they can crack the private key. When you give enough seed phrases, this is computationally feasible by brute force. They would just need to figure out how to do it. What better way to incentivize learning to code? Proof of work!

如果您想让这更具挑战性，您可以给他们 24 个种子短语中的 20 个，然后看看他们是否可以破解私钥。当你提供足够的种子短语时，这在计算上是可行的。他们只需要弄清楚如何去做。还有什么更好的方法来激励学习编码呢？工作证明！

Lock The Bitcoin In A Multisig

将比特币锁定在多重签名中

You could give them bitcoin into a multisig address and give them one key while you keep the other. This is easier than using and splitting the seed phrase above. Giving them one key gives them a sense of ownership, and you could keep the remaining keys and use any of the incentive structures above. For example, this would work if mom and dad each had one key, and they each got to set their thresholds for when to reveal the other key to the kid.

你可以把比特币交给他们一个多重签名地址，然后给他们一把钥匙，而你保留另一把。这比使用和分割上面的助记词更容易。给他们一把钥匙会给他们一种主人翁感，您可以保留其余的钥匙并使用上述任何激励结构。例如，如果妈妈和爸爸每个人都有一把钥匙，并且他们每个人都必须设置何时向孩子透露另一把钥匙的阈值，那么这就会起作用。

Write A Time-Locked Transaction

编写时间锁定事务

Bitcoin has a native way to time delay a transaction, the nLockTime field in the transaction. This allows you to create a bitcoin transaction that will not get included in a block until it clears a certain block height, like block 1 million. This is a cool feature of Bitcoin that was there from the beginning. Time locks are used in the lightning network through hash time-locked contracts (HTLCs) and in degraded multisig schemes in Taproot. They are a really cool feature of programmable money.

比特币有一种本地方式来延迟交易，即交易中的 nLockTime 字段。这允许您创建一个比特币交易，该交易在清除一定的区块高度（例如 100 万区块）之前不会被包含在区块中。这是比特币从一开始就存在的一个很酷的功能。时间锁通过哈希时间锁定合约 (HTLC) 在闪电网络中以及 Taproot 中的降级多重签名方案中使用。它们是可编程货币的一个非常酷的功能。

One wrinkle with time locks is that the person creating the transaction can always spend the inputs in another transaction before the time lock if he or she wants. Suppose Alice gives Bob one bitcoin in a transaction that will activate only after block 1 million. Alice gives this transaction to Bob. Bob can broadcast it, but no node would verify it and no miner would include it in a block because of the time lock, so Alice's transaction output that is funding this gift remains unspent.

时间锁的一个问题是，如果创建交易的人愿意，他或她总是可以在时间锁之前将输入花费在另一笔交易中。假设爱丽丝在一笔交易中给了鲍勃一枚比特币，该交易只有在第 100 万个区块后才会激活。爱丽丝将这笔交易交给鲍勃。鲍勃可以广播它，但没有节点会验证它，并且由于时间锁定，没有矿工会将其包含在块中，因此爱丽丝为这笔礼物提供资金的交易输出仍未花费。

Before block s1 million, Alice could write a second transaction to Carol funding it with the same UTXO. If that transaction has an earlier time lock or none at all, then Carol could broadcast it to the network and claim the bitcoin that was meant for Bob. When Bob tries to broadcast, there would be no bitcoin to receive.

在 s100 万区块之前，Alice 可以向 Carol 写入第二笔交易，并使用相同的 UTXO 为其提供资金。如果该交易有较早的时间锁定或根本没有时间锁定，那么卡罗尔可以将其广播到网络并索取本来属于鲍勃的比特币。当鲍勃尝试广播时，将不会收到比特币。

There was a soft fork in Bitcoin a few years ago called "check lock time verify," CTLV, that fixed this problem by locking not just the transaction but the actual transaction output. That's a more complex solution that I won't get into here.

几年前，比特币中有一个软分叉，称为“检查锁定时间验证”CTLV，它通过不仅锁定交易而且锁定实际交易输出来解决这个问题。这是一个更复杂的解决方案，我不会在这里讨论。

There is another issue with time locks. When Alice creates the time-locked transaction for Bob, she needs to specify the transaction fees. It's easy to forecast these fees in the short term, but in the long term, it's hard to know what future transaction fees will be. If you underestimate the fees, then Bob may never be able to confirm his transaction on the network because the fees are too low. If you overestimate the fees, then you're overpaying the miners, which is probably a lesser problem. This may not seem like a problem for time locks a few years in advance, but imagine sending bitcoin to your grandkids in 50 years. Regardless, I think making use of time locks in bitcoin is an interesting opportunity, and more businesses that do this can unlock some of the true programmability of money.

时间锁定还有另一个问题。当Alice为Bob创建时间锁定交易时，她需要指定交易费用。短期内预测这些费用很容易，但从长期来看，很难知道未来的交易费用是多少。如果您低估了费用，那么鲍勃可能永远无法在网络上确认他的交易，因为费用太低。如果您高估了费用，那么您就向矿工支付了过高的费用，这可能是一个较小的问题。对于提前几年的时间锁定来说，这似乎不是问题，但想象一下 50 年后将比特币发送给你的孙辈。无论如何，我认为利用比特币的时间锁是一个有趣的机会，更多这样做的企业可以解锁货币的一些真正的可编程性。

One workaround here is for Alice to create multiple time-locked transactions. Each transaction is sourced from the same UTXO and sent to Bob’s address, but each has different transaction fees, ranging from low

这里的一种解决方法是 Alice 创建多个时间锁定交易。每笔交易都源自同一个 UTXO 并发送到 Bob 的地址，但每笔交易的费用不同，从低到高不等。