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科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的 Michael Toney 和团队测试了锂离子电池纽扣电池随时间推移的容量损失情况。
A new study led by an engineer at the University of Colorado Boulder could help scientists develop better batteries, which would allow electric vehicles to run farther and last longer, while also advancing energy storage technologies that would accelerate the transition to clean energy.
由科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的一名工程师领导的一项新研究可以帮助科学家开发出更好的电池,这将使电动汽车跑得更远、寿命更长,同时还可以推进储能技术,加速向清洁能源的过渡。
Batteries lose capacity over time, which is why older cellphones run out of power more quickly. This common phenomenon, however, is not completely understood. Now, an international team of researchers has revealed the underlying mechanism behind such battery degradation.
电池随着时间的推移会失去容量,这就是为什么旧手机更快耗尽电量的原因。然而,这种普遍现象尚未完全被理解。现在,一个国际研究小组揭示了电池退化背后的潜在机制。
Their discovery is published Sept. 12 in the journal Science.
他们的发现发表在 9 月 12 日的《科学》杂志上。
“We are helping to advance lithium-ion batteries by figuring out the molecular level processes involved in their degradation,” said Michael Toney, the paper’s corresponding author and a professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering. “Having a better battery is very important in shifting our energy infrastructure away from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources.”
“我们正在通过弄清楚锂离子电池降解过程中涉及的分子水平过程来帮助推进锂离子电池的发展,”该论文的通讯作者、化学与生物工程系教授迈克尔托尼说。 “拥有更好的电池对于将我们的能源基础设施从化石燃料转向更多的可再生能源非常重要。”
Engineers have been working for years on designing lithium-ion batteries—the most common type of rechargeable batteries—without cobalt. Cobalt is an expensive rare mineral, and its mining process has been linked to grave environmental and human rights concerns. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, which supplies more than half of the world’s cobalt, many miners are children.
多年来,工程师们一直致力于设计不含钴的锂离子电池(最常见的可充电电池类型)。钴是一种昂贵的稀有矿物,其开采过程与严重的环境和人权问题有关。在供应全球一半以上钴的刚果民主共和国,许多矿工都是儿童。
So far, scientists have tried to use other elements such as nickel and magnesium to replace cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. But these batteries have even higher rates of self-discharge, which is when the battery’s internal chemical reactions reduce stored energy and degrade its capacity over time. Because of self-discharge, most EV batteries have a lifespan of seven to 10 years before they need to be replaced.
到目前为止,科学家们已经尝试使用镍和镁等其他元素来替代锂离子电池中的钴。但这些电池的自放电率更高,即电池内部化学反应减少存储的能量并随着时间的推移降低其容量。由于自放电,大多数电动汽车电池的使用寿命为 7 至 10 年才需要更换。
Toney, who is also a fellow of the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, and his team set out to investigate the cause of self-discharge. In a typical lithium-ion battery, lithium ions, which carry charges, move from one side of the battery, called the anode, to the other side, called the cathode, through a medium called an electrolyte. During this process, the flow of these charged ions forms an electric current that powers electronic devices.
托尼也是可再生和可持续能源研究所的研究员,他和他的团队着手调查自放电的原因。在典型的锂离子电池中,携带电荷的锂离子通过称为电解质的介质从电池的一侧(称为阳极)移动到另一侧(称为阴极)。在此过程中,这些带电离子的流动形成电流,为电子设备供电。
Charging the battery reverses the flow of the charged ions and returns them to the anode.
给电池充电会反转带电离子的流动并使它们返回阳极。
Previously, scientists thought batteries self-discharge because not all lithium ions return to the anode when charging, reducing the number of charged ions available to form the current and provide power.
此前,科学家认为电池会自放电,因为充电时并非所有锂离子都会返回阳极,从而减少了可形成电流并提供电力的带电离子数量。
Using the Advanced Photon Source, a powerful X-ray machine, at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, the research team discovered that hydrogen molecules from the battery’s electrolyte would move to cathode and take the spots that lithium ions normally bind to. As a result, lithium ions have fewer places to bind to on the cathode, weakening the electric current and decreasing the battery’s capacity.
使用美国能源部伊利诺伊州阿贡国家实验室的先进光子源(一种强大的 X 射线机器),研究小组发现电池电解质中的氢分子会移动到阴极,并占据锂离子通常结合的位置。因此,锂离子在阴极上的结合位置较少,从而削弱了电流并降低了电池的容量。
“This study provides critical insights into the self-discharge behavior of layered cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries and paves the way for the rational design of high-performance and long-lasting batteries for a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles and grid energy storage,” said Argonne scientist Jun-Sang Park, a co-author of the new study.
“这项研究为锂离子电池中层状正极材料的自放电行为提供了重要的见解,并为合理设计高性能和持久电池的广泛应用铺平了道路,包括电动汽车和电网这项新研究的合著者之一、阿贡国家实验室科学家 Jun-Sang Park 表示。
Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gases generated in the U.S, accounting for 28% of the country’s emissions in 2021. In an effort to reduce emissions, many automakers have committed to moving away from developing gasoline cars to produce more EVs instead. But EV manufacturers face a host of challenges, including limited driving range, higher production costs and shorter battery lifespan than conventional vehicles. In the U.S. market, a typical all-electric car can run about 250 miles in a single charge, about 60% that of a gasoline car.
交通运输是美国最大的温室气体排放源,2021 年占该国排放量的 28%。为了减少排放,许多汽车制造商已承诺不再开发汽油车,而是生产更多电动汽车。但电动汽车制造商面临着一系列挑战,包括与传统汽车相比,行驶里程有限、生产成本更高以及电池寿命更短。在美国市场,典型的全电动汽车一次充电可行驶约250英里,约为汽油车的60%。
The new study has the potential to address all of these issues, Toney said.
托尼说,这项新研究有可能解决所有这些问题。
“All consumers want cars with a large driving range. Some of these low cobalt-containing batteries can potentially provide a higher driving range, but we also need to make sure they don’t fall apart in a short period of time,” he said, noting that reducing cobalt can also reduce costs and address human rights and energy justice concerns.
“所有消费者都想要行驶里程长的汽车。其中一些低钴含量电池有可能提供更高的行驶里程,但我们还需要确保它们不会在短时间内分解,”他说,并指出减少钴含量还可以降低成本并解决问题人权和能源正义问题。
With a better understanding of the self-discharge mechanism, engineers can explore a few ways to prevent the process, such as coating the cathode with a special material to block hydrogen molecules or using a different electrolyte.
通过更好地了解自放电机制,工程师可以探索一些方法来阻止该过程,例如用特殊材料涂覆阴极以阻止氢分子或使用不同的电解质。
“Now that we understand what is causing batteries to degrade, we can inform the battery chemistry community on what needs to be improved when designing in batteries,” Toney said.
托尼说:“现在我们了解了导致电池退化的原因,我们可以告知电池化学界在电池设计时需要改进的地方。”
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