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科羅拉多大學博爾德分校的 Michael Toney 和團隊測試了鋰離子電池紐帶電池隨時間推移的容量損失。
A new study led by an engineer at the University of Colorado Boulder could help scientists develop better batteries, which would allow electric vehicles to run farther and last longer, while also advancing energy storage technologies that would accelerate the transition to clean energy.
由科羅拉多大學博爾德分校的工程師領導的一項新研究可以幫助科學家開發出更好的電池,這將使電動車跑得更遠、壽命更長,同時還可以推進儲能技術,加速向清潔能源的過渡。
Batteries lose capacity over time, which is why older cellphones run out of power more quickly. This common phenomenon, however, is not completely understood. Now, an international team of researchers has revealed the underlying mechanism behind such battery degradation.
電池隨著時間的推移會失去容量,這就是為什麼舊手機更快耗盡電量的原因。然而,這種普遍現象尚未完全被理解。現在,一個國際研究小組揭示了電池退化背後的潛在機制。
Their discovery is published Sept. 12 in the journal Science.
他們的發現發表在 9 月 12 日的《科學》雜誌上。
“We are helping to advance lithium-ion batteries by figuring out the molecular level processes involved in their degradation,” said Michael Toney, the paper’s corresponding author and a professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering. “Having a better battery is very important in shifting our energy infrastructure away from fossil fuels to more renewable energy sources.”
「我們正在透過弄清楚鋰離子電池降解過程中涉及的分子水平過程來幫助推進鋰離子電池的發展,」該論文的通訊作者、化學與生物工程系教授邁克爾托尼說。 “擁有更好的電池對於將我們的能源基礎設施從化石燃料轉向更多的可再生能源非常重要。”
Engineers have been working for years on designing lithium-ion batteries—the most common type of rechargeable batteries—without cobalt. Cobalt is an expensive rare mineral, and its mining process has been linked to grave environmental and human rights concerns. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, which supplies more than half of the world’s cobalt, many miners are children.
多年來,工程師們一直致力於設計不含鈷的鋰離子電池(最常見的可充電電池類型)。鈷是一種昂貴的稀有礦物,其開採過程與嚴重的環境和人權問題有關。在供應全球一半以上鈷的剛果民主共和國,許多礦工都是兒童。
So far, scientists have tried to use other elements such as nickel and magnesium to replace cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. But these batteries have even higher rates of self-discharge, which is when the battery’s internal chemical reactions reduce stored energy and degrade its capacity over time. Because of self-discharge, most EV batteries have a lifespan of seven to 10 years before they need to be replaced.
到目前為止,科學家已經嘗試使用鎳和鎂等其他元素來取代鋰離子電池中的鈷。但這些電池的自放電率更高,即電池內部化學反應減少儲存的能量並隨著時間的推移降低其容量。由於自放電,大多數電動車電池的使用壽命為 7 至 10 年才需要更換。
Toney, who is also a fellow of the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, and his team set out to investigate the cause of self-discharge. In a typical lithium-ion battery, lithium ions, which carry charges, move from one side of the battery, called the anode, to the other side, called the cathode, through a medium called an electrolyte. During this process, the flow of these charged ions forms an electric current that powers electronic devices.
東尼也是再生和永續能源研究所的研究員,他和他的團隊著手調查自放電的原因。在典型的鋰離子電池中,攜帶電荷的鋰離子會透過稱為電解質的介質從電池的一側(稱為陽極)移動到另一側(稱為陰極)。在此過程中,這些帶電離子的流動形成電流,為電子設備供電。
Charging the battery reverses the flow of the charged ions and returns them to the anode.
為電池充電會反轉帶電離子的流動並使它們返回陽極。
Previously, scientists thought batteries self-discharge because not all lithium ions return to the anode when charging, reducing the number of charged ions available to form the current and provide power.
先前,科學家認為電池會自放電,因為充電時並非所有鋰離子都會返回陽極,從而減少了可形成電流並提供電力的帶電離子數量。
Using the Advanced Photon Source, a powerful X-ray machine, at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois, the research team discovered that hydrogen molecules from the battery’s electrolyte would move to cathode and take the spots that lithium ions normally bind to. As a result, lithium ions have fewer places to bind to on the cathode, weakening the electric current and decreasing the battery’s capacity.
使用美國能源部伊利諾伊州阿貢國家實驗室的先進光子源(一種強大的 X 射線機器),研究團隊發現電池電解質中的氫分子會移動到陰極,並佔據鋰離子通常結合的位置。因此,鋰離子在陰極上的結合位置較少,從而削弱了電流並降低了電池的容量。
“This study provides critical insights into the self-discharge behavior of layered cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries and paves the way for the rational design of high-performance and long-lasting batteries for a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles and grid energy storage,” said Argonne scientist Jun-Sang Park, a co-author of the new study.
「這項研究為鋰離子電池中層狀正極材料的自放電行為提供了重要的見解,並為合理設計高性能和持久電池的廣泛應用鋪平了道路,包括電動車和電網這項新研究的合著者之一、阿貢國家實驗室科學家Jun-Sang Park 表示。
Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gases generated in the U.S, accounting for 28% of the country’s emissions in 2021. In an effort to reduce emissions, many automakers have committed to moving away from developing gasoline cars to produce more EVs instead. But EV manufacturers face a host of challenges, including limited driving range, higher production costs and shorter battery lifespan than conventional vehicles. In the U.S. market, a typical all-electric car can run about 250 miles in a single charge, about 60% that of a gasoline car.
交通運輸是美國最大的溫室氣體排放源,2021 年佔全國排放量的 28%。但電動車製造商面臨一系列挑戰,包括與傳統汽車相比,行駛里程有限、生產成本更高以及電池壽命更短。在美國市場,典型的全電動汽車一次充電可行駛約250英里,約為汽油車的60%。
The new study has the potential to address all of these issues, Toney said.
托尼說,這項新研究有可能解決所有這些問題。
“All consumers want cars with a large driving range. Some of these low cobalt-containing batteries can potentially provide a higher driving range, but we also need to make sure they don’t fall apart in a short period of time,” he said, noting that reducing cobalt can also reduce costs and address human rights and energy justice concerns.
「所有消費者都想要行駛里程長的汽車。其中一些低鈷含量電池有可能提供更高的行駛里程,但我們還需要確保它們不會在短時間內分解,」他說,並指出減少鈷含量還可以降低成本並解決問題人權和能源正義問題。
With a better understanding of the self-discharge mechanism, engineers can explore a few ways to prevent the process, such as coating the cathode with a special material to block hydrogen molecules or using a different electrolyte.
透過更了解自放電機制,工程師可以探索一些方法來阻止該過程,例如用特殊材料塗覆陰極以阻止氫分子或使用不同的電解質。
“Now that we understand what is causing batteries to degrade, we can inform the battery chemistry community on what needs to be improved when designing in batteries,” Toney said.
托尼說:“現在我們了解了導致電池退化的原因,我們可以告知電池化學界在電池設計時需要改進的地方。”
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