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David Chaum, born in New York City in 1955, is an American cryptographer who has made significant contributions to the fields of digital security and privacy. He is widely regarded as the "father of cryptocurrency cryptography" and the "father of online anonymity."
David Chaum,1955 年出生于纽约,是一位美国密码学家,在数字安全和隐私领域做出了重大贡献。他被广泛认为是“加密货币密码学之父”和“网络匿名之父”。
Chaum's early work in cryptography laid the foundation for the development of anonymous communication protocols. In a 1981 paper titled "Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms," he proposed a "mixed network" system that allowed encrypted messages to be sent to multiple recipients and a server, which would then reorder and conceal the messages to prevent anyone, including the server, from determining the sender of each message. The messages would be decrypted at the final destination after passing through additional servers and being hidden again.
Chaum 在密码学方面的早期工作为匿名通信协议的发展奠定了基础。在 1981 年的一篇题为“无法追踪的电子邮件、回信地址和数字假名”的论文中,他提出了一种“混合网络”系统,该系统允许将加密消息发送给多个收件人和服务器,然后服务器重新排序并隐藏消息,以防止任何人(包括服务器)都无法确定每条消息的发送者。这些消息在经过其他服务器并再次隐藏后,将在最终目的地被解密。
This mixed network concept is considered the forerunner of modern anonymous browsing tools like Tor. Chaum himself has since suggested that every router be turned into a node in a Tor-like network.
这种混合网络概念被认为是 Tor 等现代匿名浏览工具的先驱。此后,Chaum 本人建议将每个路由器变成类似 Tor 的网络中的一个节点。
In the 1980s, Chaum also founded DigiCash, a company that aimed to create a working or usable digital currency. Users would download the Ecash software, which would generate their money digitally by obtaining a cryptographic signature from a bank. They could then use it online or at participating stores and restaurants without having to open a bank account or have a credit card. Payments were free for individuals, similar to some credit cards, but there were small fees for businesses.
在 20 世纪 80 年代,Chaum 还创立了 DigiCash,该公司旨在创建一种可行的或可用的数字货币。用户可以下载 Ecash 软件,该软件可以通过从银行获得加密签名来以数字方式生成资金。然后,他们可以在网上或在参与的商店和餐馆使用它,而无需开设银行账户或拥有信用卡。类似于某些信用卡,个人付款是免费的,但企业需要支付少量费用。
Chaum was one of two keynote speakers at the first World Wide Web conference in Geneva while serving as CEO of DigiCash. Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web, was the other speaker. While speaking live in front of the crowd, Chaum made his first Ecash transaction.
Chaum 是在日内瓦举行的第一届万维网会议上的两位主讲人之一,同时担任 DigiCash 的首席执行官。另一位演讲者是万维网的创建者蒂姆·伯纳斯·李。在人群面前现场讲话时,Chaum 进行了他的第一笔 Ecash 交易。
Despite a promising start, Ecash did not become the instant sensation that many had hoped it would be. Only one American bank, Mark Twain Bank in St. Louis, adopted it, and only 5,000 people signed up to use it during its first three-year trial.
尽管 Ecash 的开端充满希望,但它并没有像许多人所希望的那样立即引起轰动。只有一家美国银行,即圣路易斯的马克吐温银行采用了它,并且在第一个三年试用期间只有 5,000 人注册使用它。
However, Ecash grew in popularity in Europe, where cash is still widely used. As early as 1998, several other banks, including Credit Suisse in Switzerland and Deutsche Bank in Germany, partnered with Ecash. But that was not enough. Because DigiCash closed at the end of the year.
然而,Ecash 在欧洲越来越受欢迎,现金在欧洲仍然被广泛使用。早在 1998 年,其他几家银行,包括瑞士的瑞士信贷银行和德国的德意志银行,就与 Ecash 建立了合作伙伴关系。但这还不够。因为 DigiCash 在年底关闭了。
Several theories try to explain why DigiCash failed. Two cryptography experts involved in the project, Nick Szabo and Zooko Wilcox O’Hearn, hypothesized that Ecash’s main problem was centralization.
有几种理论试图解释 DigiCash 失败的原因。参与该项目的两位密码学专家 Nick Szabo 和 Zooko Wilcox O'Hearn 假设 Ecash 的主要问题是中心化。
Most major banks did not trust DigiCash, a single company overseeing the entire cryptocurrency operation. Instead, a decentralized network is needed so that users can send virtual currencies directly to each other. A network like Bitcoin, for example.
大多数主要银行都不信任 DigiCash,因为这是一家监管整个加密货币运营的单一公司。相反,需要一个去中心化的网络,以便用户可以直接相互发送虚拟货币。例如,像比特币这样的网络。
When Chaum was a student at Berkeley, US government organizations like the NSA were increasingly antagonistic and skeptical of civilians doing cryptographic research. According to Chaum, they tried to stop all cryptography development. He also claims that top NSA officials have threatened to arrest entire groups of civilian cryptographers.
当乔姆在伯克利就读时,美国国家安全局等美国政府组织对平民进行密码学研究越来越敌对和怀疑。根据 Chaum 的说法,他们试图阻止所有密码学的发展。他还声称,国家安全局高级官员威胁要逮捕整个民间密码破译人员群体。
To counter this growing hostility, Chaum founded the International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR), which organizes cryptography conferences around the world and publishes the Journal of Cryptography. “Free cryptography” was Chaum’s only request to the IACR.
为了应对这种日益增长的敌意,Chaum 成立了国际密码学研究协会 (IACR),该协会在世界各地组织密码学会议并出版《密码学杂志》。 “免费密码学”是 Chaum 对 IACR 的唯一请求。
Chaum taught at the New York University Graduate School of Business Administration and later at the University of California, Santa Barbara after earning his PhD from Berkeley. As interest in his theory began to grow, Chaum decided to apply the theory by creating Ecash, the predecessor to Bitcoin.
Chaum 曾在纽约大学工商管理研究生院任教,在伯克利分校获得博士学位后,又在加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校任教。随着人们对他的理论的兴趣开始增长,Chaum 决定通过创建比特币的前身 Ecash 来应用该理论。
Cypherpunks are a group of cryptography experts who study how privacy and encryption tools are used, especially considering how they can trigger major changes in social, political, or economic life around the world. Members of this group include Satoshi Nakamoto, the creator of Bitcoin; Hal Finney, the inventor of reusable proof-of-work (RPoW); and Adam Back, the creator of the Hashcash function used by Hal Finney and Satoshi in their respective inventions.
密码朋克是一群密码学专家,他们研究如何使用隐私和加密工具,特别是考虑它们如何引发世界各地社会、政治或经济生活的重大变化。该组织的成员包括比特币的创造者中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto); Hal Finney,可重用工作量证明(RPoW)的发明者; Adam Back,Hal Finney 和 Satoshi 在各自发明中使用的 Hashcash 函数的创建者。
However, if it wasn’t for David Chaum’s efforts and influence then these Cypherpunks might not exist at all.
然而,如果没有 David Chaum 的努力和影响,那么这些密码朋克可能根本不存在。
After the revelations of the NSA mass surveillance scandal, Chaum created the xx network for completely private and secure communications and payments. The xx network removes metadata to maintain user privacy and disguise the identity of the sender.
在美国国家安全局大规模监控丑闻曝光后,Chaum 创建了 xx 网络,用于完全私密且安全的通信和支付。 xx 网络删除元数据以维护用户隐私并伪装发送者的身份。
Chaum himself was shocked and stunned by Snowden’s revelations about the NSA’s mass surveillance schemes in 2013. A platform called the xx network is now in use, and functions similarly to Tor, whose basic technology is largely based on Chaum’s work, but with some significant improvements.
Chaum 本人对斯诺登在 2013 年揭露 NSA 大规模监控计划感到震惊和震惊。现在有一个名为 xx 网络的平台正在使用,其功能与 Tor 类似,其基本技术很大程度上基于 Chaum 的工作,但有一些重大改进。
According to Chaum, xx network should work faster than networks like Tor, which cannot provide enough speed for users to contact multiple people at once securely. The xx network achieves this by using smaller groups of nodes to achieve “uniform mixing” of messages so that
根据 Chaum 的说法,xx 网络应该比 Tor 等网络运行得更快,因为 Tor 无法为用户提供足够的速度来同时安全地联系多个人。 xx 网络通过使用较小的节点组来实现消息的“均匀混合”,从而实现这一点
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