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David Chaum, born in New York City in 1955, is an American cryptographer who has made significant contributions to the fields of digital security and privacy. He is widely regarded as the "father of cryptocurrency cryptography" and the "father of online anonymity."
David Chaum,1955 年出生於紐約,是一位美國密碼學家,在數位安全和隱私領域做出了重大貢獻。他被廣泛認為是「加密貨幣密碼學之父」和「網路匿名之父」。
Chaum's early work in cryptography laid the foundation for the development of anonymous communication protocols. In a 1981 paper titled "Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms," he proposed a "mixed network" system that allowed encrypted messages to be sent to multiple recipients and a server, which would then reorder and conceal the messages to prevent anyone, including the server, from determining the sender of each message. The messages would be decrypted at the final destination after passing through additional servers and being hidden again.
Chaum 在密碼學方面的早期工作為匿名通訊協定的發展奠定了基礎。在1981 年的一篇題為「無法追蹤的電子郵件、回信地址和數位假名」的論文中,他提出了一種「混合網路」系統,該系統允許將加密訊息發送給多個收件人和伺服器,然後伺服器重新排序並隱藏訊息,以防止任何人(包括伺服器)都無法確定每個訊息的發送者。這些訊息在經過其他伺服器並再次隱藏後,將在最終目的地被解密。
This mixed network concept is considered the forerunner of modern anonymous browsing tools like Tor. Chaum himself has since suggested that every router be turned into a node in a Tor-like network.
這種混合網路概念被認為是 Tor 等現代匿名瀏覽工具的先驅。此後,Chaum 本人建議將每個路由器變成類似 Tor 的網路中的一個節點。
In the 1980s, Chaum also founded DigiCash, a company that aimed to create a working or usable digital currency. Users would download the Ecash software, which would generate their money digitally by obtaining a cryptographic signature from a bank. They could then use it online or at participating stores and restaurants without having to open a bank account or have a credit card. Payments were free for individuals, similar to some credit cards, but there were small fees for businesses.
在 1980 年代,Chaum 還創立了 DigiCash,該公司旨在創建一種可行的或可用的數位貨幣。用戶可以下載 Ecash 軟體,該軟體可以透過從銀行獲得加密簽名來以數位方式產生資金。然後,他們可以在網路上或在參與的商店和餐廳使用它,而無需開設銀行帳戶或擁有信用卡。類似於某些信用卡,個人付款是免費的,但企業需要支付少量費用。
Chaum was one of two keynote speakers at the first World Wide Web conference in Geneva while serving as CEO of DigiCash. Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web, was the other speaker. While speaking live in front of the crowd, Chaum made his first Ecash transaction.
Chaum 是在日內瓦舉行的第一屆萬維網會議上的兩位主講人之一,同時擔任 DigiCash 的執行長。另一位演講者是萬維網的創建者蒂姆·伯納斯·李。在人群面前現場講話時,Chaum 進行了他的第一筆 Ecash 交易。
Despite a promising start, Ecash did not become the instant sensation that many had hoped it would be. Only one American bank, Mark Twain Bank in St. Louis, adopted it, and only 5,000 people signed up to use it during its first three-year trial.
儘管 Ecash 的開端充滿希望,但它並沒有像許多人所希望的那樣立即引起轟動。只有一家美國銀行,即聖路易斯的馬克吐溫銀行採用了它,並且在第一個三年試用期間只有 5,000 人註冊使用它。
However, Ecash grew in popularity in Europe, where cash is still widely used. As early as 1998, several other banks, including Credit Suisse in Switzerland and Deutsche Bank in Germany, partnered with Ecash. But that was not enough. Because DigiCash closed at the end of the year.
然而,Ecash 在歐洲越來越受歡迎,現金在歐洲仍然被廣泛使用。早在 1998 年,其他幾家銀行,包括瑞士的瑞士信貸銀行和德國的德意志銀行,就與 Ecash 建立了合作夥伴關係。但這還不夠。因為 DigiCash 在年底關閉了。
Several theories try to explain why DigiCash failed. Two cryptography experts involved in the project, Nick Szabo and Zooko Wilcox O’Hearn, hypothesized that Ecash’s main problem was centralization.
有幾種理論試圖解釋 DigiCash 失敗的原因。參與此計畫的兩位密碼學專家 Nick Szabo 和 Zooko Wilcox O'Hearn 假設 Ecash 的主要問題是中心化。
Most major banks did not trust DigiCash, a single company overseeing the entire cryptocurrency operation. Instead, a decentralized network is needed so that users can send virtual currencies directly to each other. A network like Bitcoin, for example.
大多數主要銀行都不信任 DigiCash,因為這是一家監管整個加密貨幣營運的單一公司。相反,需要一個去中心化的網絡,以便用戶可以直接相互發送虛擬貨幣。例如,像比特幣這樣的網路。
When Chaum was a student at Berkeley, US government organizations like the NSA were increasingly antagonistic and skeptical of civilians doing cryptographic research. According to Chaum, they tried to stop all cryptography development. He also claims that top NSA officials have threatened to arrest entire groups of civilian cryptographers.
當喬姆在柏克萊就讀時,美國國家安全局等美國政府組織對平民進行密碼學研究越來越敵對和懷疑。根據 Chaum 的說法,他們試圖阻止所有密碼學的發展。他還聲稱,國家安全局高級官員威脅要逮捕整個民間密碼破解人員群體。
To counter this growing hostility, Chaum founded the International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR), which organizes cryptography conferences around the world and publishes the Journal of Cryptography. “Free cryptography” was Chaum’s only request to the IACR.
為了應對這種日益增長的敵意,Chaum 成立了國際密碼學研究協會 (IACR),該協會在世界各地組織密碼學會議並出版《密碼學雜誌》。 「免費密碼學」是 Chaum 對 IACR 的唯一請求。
Chaum taught at the New York University Graduate School of Business Administration and later at the University of California, Santa Barbara after earning his PhD from Berkeley. As interest in his theory began to grow, Chaum decided to apply the theory by creating Ecash, the predecessor to Bitcoin.
Chaum 曾在紐約大學工商管理研究生院任教,並在柏克萊分校取得博士學位後,又在加州大學聖塔芭芭拉分校任教。隨著人們對他的理論的興趣開始增長,Chaum 決定透過創建比特幣的前身 Ecash 來應用該理論。
Cypherpunks are a group of cryptography experts who study how privacy and encryption tools are used, especially considering how they can trigger major changes in social, political, or economic life around the world. Members of this group include Satoshi Nakamoto, the creator of Bitcoin; Hal Finney, the inventor of reusable proof-of-work (RPoW); and Adam Back, the creator of the Hashcash function used by Hal Finney and Satoshi in their respective inventions.
密碼龐克是一群密碼學專家,他們研究如何使用隱私和加密工具,特別是考慮它們如何引發世界各地社會、政治或經濟生活的重大變化。該組織的成員包括比特幣的創造者中本聰(Satoshi Nakamoto); Hal Finney,可重複使用工作量證明(RPoW)的發明者; Adam Back,Hal Finney 和 Satoshi 在各自的發明中使用的 Hashcash 函數的創建者。
However, if it wasn’t for David Chaum’s efforts and influence then these Cypherpunks might not exist at all.
然而,如果沒有 David Chaum 的努力和影響,那麼這些密碼朋克可能根本不存在。
After the revelations of the NSA mass surveillance scandal, Chaum created the xx network for completely private and secure communications and payments. The xx network removes metadata to maintain user privacy and disguise the identity of the sender.
在美國國家安全局大規模監控醜聞曝光後,Chaum 創建了 xx 網絡,用於完全私密且安全的通訊和支付。 xx 網路刪除元資料以維護使用者隱私並偽裝發送者的身分。
Chaum himself was shocked and stunned by Snowden’s revelations about the NSA’s mass surveillance schemes in 2013. A platform called the xx network is now in use, and functions similarly to Tor, whose basic technology is largely based on Chaum’s work, but with some significant improvements.
Chaum 本人對史諾登在2013 年揭露NSA 大規模監控計畫感到震驚和震驚。但有一些重大改進。
According to Chaum, xx network should work faster than networks like Tor, which cannot provide enough speed for users to contact multiple people at once securely. The xx network achieves this by using smaller groups of nodes to achieve “uniform mixing” of messages so that
根據 Chaum 的說法,xx 網路應該比 Tor 等網路運行得更快,因為 Tor 無法為用戶提供足夠的速度來同時安全地聯繫多個人。 xx 網路透過使用較小的節點組來實現訊息的“均勻混合”,從而實現這一點
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