Celestia：一种模块化区块链，解绑共识和执行

Celestia 是一项创新提案，旨在解决区块链行业中一些最紧迫的挑战，例如可扩展性、灵活性和去中心化。

Celestia is a modular blockchain that aims to deaggregate the traditional functions of a blockchain into specialized layers, optimizing each one independently. Unlike monolithic blockchains like Ethereum, which combine the consensus and execution layers, Celestia focuses exclusively on the consensus layer and data availability, leaving transaction execution and smart contract operations to other interoperable chains. This separation provides greater flexibility, scalability, and efficiency in resource utilization within the network.

Celestia 是一种模块化区块链，旨在将区块链的传统功能分解为专门的层，并独立优化每个层。与以太坊等结合了共识层和执行层的整体区块链不同，Celestia 只专注于共识层和数据可用性，将交易执行和智能合约操作留给其他可互操作的链。这种分离为网络内的资源利用提供了更大的灵活性、可扩展性和效率。

Celestia's modular architecture separates the tasks of consensus and execution, enhancing the system's flexibility and scalability. This separation allows the network to handle different types of transactions and workloads more efficiently. Instead of relying on a single set of nodes to process and validate all operations, Celestia implements a modular architecture that distributes these tasks across various specialized layers. Each layer focuses on a specific function, not only optimizing resources but also making the network more adaptable to new needs and technologies.

Celestia的模块化架构将共识和执行的任务分开，增强了系统的灵活性和可扩展性。这种分离使网络能够更有效地处理不同类型的事务和工作负载。 Celestia 没有依赖一组节点来处理和验证所有操作，而是实现了模块化架构，将这些任务分布在各个专用层上。每一层都专注于特定的功能，不仅优化资源，而且使网络更能适应新的需求和技术。

The Data Availability Layer is at the heart of Celestia's value proposition. Through the use of advanced techniques such as Proof-of-Data-Availability (PoDA), it ensures that all transaction data is accessible and verifiable by network nodes. The erasure coding method splits data into smaller fragments, which are then distributed among the nodes. This enables efficient verification without requiring each node to store the full history of the blockchain.

数据可用性层是 Celestia 价值主张的核心。通过使用数据可用性证明（PoDA）等先进技术，确保所有交易数据均可被网络节点访问和验证。纠删码方法将数据分割成更小的碎片，然后分布在节点之间。这可以实现有效的验证，而不需要每个节点存储区块链的完整历史记录。

Data Availability Sampling (DAS) allows light nodes, which do not directly participate in consensus, to validate data availability by simply verifying small random samples of each block. This approach not only improves scalability but also reduces hardware load, democratizing network access.

数据可用性采样（DAS）允许不直接参与共识的轻节点通过简单地验证每个块的小随机样本来验证数据可用性。这种方法不仅提高了可扩展性，还减少了硬件负载，使网络访问民主化。

The Consensus Layer in Celestia implements the Tendermint algorithm, a Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)-based solution that prioritizes speed and security. This layer is responsible for ordering transactions and maintaining the integrity of the network against potential attacks. The combination of the Proof of Stake (PoS)-based consensus model and the use of Tendermint enables the network to process transactions with low latency, while also ensuring high reliability and resilience to malicious attacks.

Celestia 中的共识层实现了 Tendermint 算法，这是一种基于拜占庭容错 (BFT) 的解决方案，优先考虑速度和安全性。该层负责对交易进行排序并维护网络的完整性以防止潜在的攻击。基于权益证明 (PoS) 的共识模型与 Tendermint 的使用相结合，使网络能够以低延迟处理交易，同时还确保高可靠性和抵御恶意攻击的能力。

Unlike monolithic blockchains, Celestia does not natively execute transactions or smart contracts. Instead, this task is delegated to interoperable execution chains, such as rollups and other specialized blockchains. This opens up the possibility of using different execution environments, from virtual machines like Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) to more modern technologies like WebAssembly (WASM).

与整体区块链不同，Celestia 本身并不执行交易或智能合约。相反，此任务被委托给可互操作的执行链，例如汇总和其他专用区块链。这开启了使用不同执行环境的可能性，从以太坊虚拟机 (EVM) 等虚拟机到 WebAssembly (WASM) 等更现代的技术。

This separation allows developers to choose the execution architecture that best suits their specific needs, providing unprecedented flexibility to create customized applications.

这种分离允许开发人员选择最适合其特定需求的执行架构，为创建定制应用程序提供前所未有的灵活性。

In its network, Celestia introduces two main types of nodes:

在其网络中，Celestia 引入了两种主要类型的节点：

Heavy Nodes: These nodes fully participate in the consensus protocol and maintain a complete copy of the blockchain. They perform all the necessary tasks to validate transactions, propose new blocks, and attest to the data availability of each block. In return for their contributions, heavy nodes are rewarded with tokens.

重节点：这些节点完全参与共识协议并维护区块链的完整副本。他们执行所有必要的任务来验证交易、提出新区块并证明每个区块的数据可用性。作为对贡献的回报，重节点将获得代币奖励。

Light Nodes: These nodes do not participate directly in consensus and only maintain a small portion of the blockchain data. They rely on techniques like Data Availability Sampling (DAS) to efficiently verify the validity of blocks without needing to download the entire blockchain. This makes light nodes more accessible and allows them to join the network with lower hardware requirements and bandwidth consumption.

轻节点：这些节点不直接参与共识，只维护一小部分区块链数据。他们依靠数据可用性采样（DAS）等技术来有效验证区块的有效性，而无需下载整个区块链。这使得轻节点更容易访问，并允许它们以较低的硬件要求和带宽消耗加入网络。

The network uses standards such as Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) to improve interaction between different blockchains. This allows data and transactions to flow seamlessly between execution chains and Celestia, creating an interconnected ecosystem.

该网络使用区块链间通信（IBC）等标准来改善不同区块链之间的交互。这使得数据和交易能够在执行链和 Celestia 之间无缝流动，从而创建一个互连的生态系统。

The Challenges for Celestia are as follows:

Celestia 面临的挑战如下：

Dependence on External Chains: By delegating transaction and smart contract execution, Celestia relies on the effectiveness and stability of other chains to complete the operational cycle, which may introduce external failure points.

对外部链的依赖：通过委托交易和智能合约执行，Celestia 依赖其他链的有效性和稳定性来完成运行周期，这可能会引入外部故障点。

Relatively New Model: Modularity is a recent paradigm in blockchain design. While it promises significant advances, it still faces limitations related to mass adoption, tool development, and integration into the current ecosystem.

相对较新的模型：模块化是区块链设计中的最新范例。尽管它有望取得重大进步，但它仍然面临着大规模采用、工具开发和集成到当前生态系统方面的限制。

Complexity for Novice Developers: While the modular system provides flexibility, it can also be intimidating for developers with little blockchain experience, who might find designing and integrating customized solutions challenging.

新手开发人员的复杂性：虽然模块化系统提供了灵活性，但对于缺乏区块链经验的开发人员来说，它也可能会令人生畏，他们可能会发现设计和集成定制解决方案具有挑战性。

Market Competition: Other projects, such as Ethereum 2.0 and Polkadot, are also implementing scalable and modular solutions. This could make it difficult for Celestia to differentiate itself or capture a substantial market share.

市场竞争：其他项目，例如以太坊 2.0 和 Polkadot，也在实施可扩展和模块化的解决方案。这可能会让 Celestia 难以脱颖而出或占领大量市场份额。

Interoperability Costs: Although it facilitates cross-chain communication, transaction fees between chains and the resources required to establish such connections may pose a barrier, especially for small projects.

互操作性成本：虽然它促进了跨链通信，但链之间的交易费用和建立此类连接所需的资源可能会构成障碍，特别是对于小型项目而言。

Celestia's native token, known as TIA, plays a central role in the ecosystem, as it is essential for the network’s operation and to encourage active participation from users. This token is designed to perform several key functions:

Celestia 的原生代币称为 TIA，在生态系统中发挥着核心作用，因为它对于网络的运营和鼓励用户的积极参与至关重要。该令牌旨在执行几个关键功能：

As a governance token, TIA enables holders to participate in the decision-making process of the network. They can propose, vote on, and implement changes to the protocol, ensuring that the network remains responsive to the needs of its community.

作为治理代币，TIA 使持有者能够参与网络的决策过程。他们可以提出、投票和实施协议变更，确保网络始终响应社区的需求。

As a staking token, TIA is used to incentivize users to operate heavy nodes on the Celestia network and contribute to the consensus process. Those who stake their tokens and actively participate in

TIA 作为质押代币，用于激励用户在 Celestia 网络上运行重节点，为共识进程做出贡献。那些质押代币并积极参与的人