Celestia：一種模組化區塊鏈，解綁共識與執行

Celestia 是一項創新提案，旨在解決區塊鏈行業中一些最緊迫的挑戰，例如可擴展性、靈活性和去中心化。

Celestia is a modular blockchain that aims to deaggregate the traditional functions of a blockchain into specialized layers, optimizing each one independently. Unlike monolithic blockchains like Ethereum, which combine the consensus and execution layers, Celestia focuses exclusively on the consensus layer and data availability, leaving transaction execution and smart contract operations to other interoperable chains. This separation provides greater flexibility, scalability, and efficiency in resource utilization within the network.

Celestia 是一種模組化區塊鏈，旨在將區塊鏈的傳統功能分解為專門的層，並獨立優化每個層。與以太坊等結合了共識層和執行層的整體區塊鏈不同，Celestia 只專注於共識層和數據可用性，將交易執行和智慧合約操作留給其他可互通的鏈。這種分離為網路內的資源利用提供了更大的靈活性、可擴展性和效率。

Celestia's modular architecture separates the tasks of consensus and execution, enhancing the system's flexibility and scalability. This separation allows the network to handle different types of transactions and workloads more efficiently. Instead of relying on a single set of nodes to process and validate all operations, Celestia implements a modular architecture that distributes these tasks across various specialized layers. Each layer focuses on a specific function, not only optimizing resources but also making the network more adaptable to new needs and technologies.

Celestia的模組化架構將共識和執行的任務分開，增強了系統的靈活性和可擴展性。這種分離使網路能夠更有效地處理不同類型的事務和工作負載。 Celestia 沒有依賴一組節點來處理和驗證所有操作，而是實現了模組化架構，將這些任務分佈在各個專用層上。每一層都專注於特定的功能，不僅優化資源，而且使網路更能適應新的需求和技術。

The Data Availability Layer is at the heart of Celestia's value proposition. Through the use of advanced techniques such as Proof-of-Data-Availability (PoDA), it ensures that all transaction data is accessible and verifiable by network nodes. The erasure coding method splits data into smaller fragments, which are then distributed among the nodes. This enables efficient verification without requiring each node to store the full history of the blockchain.

資料可用性層是 Celestia 價值主張的核心。透過使用資料可用性證明（PoDA）等先進技術，確保所有交易資料均可被網路節點存取和驗證。糾刪碼方法將資料分割成更小的碎片，然後分佈在節點之間。這可以實現有效的驗證，而不需要每個節點儲存區塊鏈的完整歷史記錄。

Data Availability Sampling (DAS) allows light nodes, which do not directly participate in consensus, to validate data availability by simply verifying small random samples of each block. This approach not only improves scalability but also reduces hardware load, democratizing network access.

資料可用性採樣（DAS）允許不直接參與共識的輕節點透過簡單地驗證每個區塊的小隨機樣本來驗證資料可用性。這種方法不僅提高了可擴展性，還減少了硬體負載，使網路存取民主化。

The Consensus Layer in Celestia implements the Tendermint algorithm, a Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)-based solution that prioritizes speed and security. This layer is responsible for ordering transactions and maintaining the integrity of the network against potential attacks. The combination of the Proof of Stake (PoS)-based consensus model and the use of Tendermint enables the network to process transactions with low latency, while also ensuring high reliability and resilience to malicious attacks.

Celestia 中的共識層實現了 Tendermint 演算法，這是一種基於拜占庭容錯 (BFT) 的解決方案，優先考慮速度和安全性。此層負責對交易進行排序並維護網路的完整性以防止潛在的攻擊。基於權益證明 (PoS) 的共識模型與 Tendermint 的使用相結合，使網路能夠以低延遲處理交易，同時也確保高可靠性和抵禦惡意攻擊的能力。

Unlike monolithic blockchains, Celestia does not natively execute transactions or smart contracts. Instead, this task is delegated to interoperable execution chains, such as rollups and other specialized blockchains. This opens up the possibility of using different execution environments, from virtual machines like Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) to more modern technologies like WebAssembly (WASM).

與整體區塊鏈不同，Celestia 本身並不執行交易或智能合約。相反，此任務被委託給可互通的執行鏈，例如匯總和其他專用區塊鏈。這開啟了使用不同執行環境的可能性，從以太坊虛擬機器 (EVM) 等虛擬機器到 WebAssembly (WASM) 等更現代的技術。

This separation allows developers to choose the execution architecture that best suits their specific needs, providing unprecedented flexibility to create customized applications.

這種分離允許開發人員選擇最適合其特定需求的執行架構，為創建客製化應用程式提供前所未有的靈活性。

In its network, Celestia introduces two main types of nodes:

在其網路中，Celestia 引入了兩種主要類型的節點：

Heavy Nodes: These nodes fully participate in the consensus protocol and maintain a complete copy of the blockchain. They perform all the necessary tasks to validate transactions, propose new blocks, and attest to the data availability of each block. In return for their contributions, heavy nodes are rewarded with tokens.

重節點：這些節點完全參與共識協議並維護區塊鏈的完整副本。他們執行所有必要的任務來驗證交易、提出新區塊並證明每個區塊的數據可用性。作為對貢獻的回報，重節點將獲得代幣獎勵。

Light Nodes: These nodes do not participate directly in consensus and only maintain a small portion of the blockchain data. They rely on techniques like Data Availability Sampling (DAS) to efficiently verify the validity of blocks without needing to download the entire blockchain. This makes light nodes more accessible and allows them to join the network with lower hardware requirements and bandwidth consumption.

輕節點：這些節點不直接參與共識，只維護一小部分區塊鏈資料。他們依靠數據可用性採樣（DAS）等技術來有效驗證區塊的有效性，而無需下載整個區塊鏈。這使得輕節點更容易訪問，並允許它們以較低的硬體要求和頻寬消耗加入網路。

The network uses standards such as Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) to improve interaction between different blockchains. This allows data and transactions to flow seamlessly between execution chains and Celestia, creating an interconnected ecosystem.

此網路使用區塊鏈間通訊（IBC）等標準來改善不同區塊鏈之間的互動。這使得資料和交易能夠在執行鍊和 Celestia 之間無縫流動，從而創建一個互連的生態系統。

The Challenges for Celestia are as follows:

Celestia 面臨的挑戰如下：

Dependence on External Chains: By delegating transaction and smart contract execution, Celestia relies on the effectiveness and stability of other chains to complete the operational cycle, which may introduce external failure points.

對外部鏈的依賴：透過委託交易和智慧合約執行，Celestia 依賴其他鏈的有效性和穩定性來完成運行週期，這可能會引入外部故障點。

Relatively New Model: Modularity is a recent paradigm in blockchain design. While it promises significant advances, it still faces limitations related to mass adoption, tool development, and integration into the current ecosystem.

相對較新的模型：模組化是區塊鏈設計中的最新範例。儘管它有望取得重大進步，但它仍然面臨著大規模採用、工具開發和整合到當前生態系統方面的限制。

Complexity for Novice Developers: While the modular system provides flexibility, it can also be intimidating for developers with little blockchain experience, who might find designing and integrating customized solutions challenging.

新手開發人員的複雜性：雖然模組化系統提供了靈活性，但對於缺乏區塊鏈經驗的開發人員來說，它也可能令人生畏，他們可能會發現設計和整合客製化解決方案具有挑戰性。

Market Competition: Other projects, such as Ethereum 2.0 and Polkadot, are also implementing scalable and modular solutions. This could make it difficult for Celestia to differentiate itself or capture a substantial market share.

市場競爭：其他項目，例如以太坊 2.0 和 Polkadot，也在實施可擴展和模組化的解決方案。這可能會讓 Celestia 難以脫穎而出或佔據大量市場份額。

Interoperability Costs: Although it facilitates cross-chain communication, transaction fees between chains and the resources required to establish such connections may pose a barrier, especially for small projects.

互通性成本：雖然它促進了跨鏈通信，但鏈之間的交易費用和建立此類連接所需的資源可能會構成障礙，特別是對於小型專案而言。

Celestia's native token, known as TIA, plays a central role in the ecosystem, as it is essential for the network’s operation and to encourage active participation from users. This token is designed to perform several key functions:

Celestia 的原生代幣 TIA 在生態系統中發揮核心作用，因為它對網路的運作和鼓勵用戶的積極參與至關重要。該令牌旨在執行幾個關鍵功能：

As a governance token, TIA enables holders to participate in the decision-making process of the network. They can propose, vote on, and implement changes to the protocol, ensuring that the network remains responsive to the needs of its community.

作為治理代幣，TIA 使持有者能夠參與網路的決策過程。他們可以提出、投票和實施協議變更，確保網路始終響應社區的需求。

As a staking token, TIA is used to incentivize users to operate heavy nodes on the Celestia network and contribute to the consensus process. Those who stake their tokens and actively participate in

TIA 作為質押代幣，用於激勵用戶在 Celestia 網路上運行重節點，為共識進程做出貢獻。那些質押代幣並積極參與的人